The effects of social parafiscal income on unemployment in Turkey: An empirical analysis on the recent period of the republic

Serkan Işık

Article Details

The effects of social parafiscal income on unemployment in Turkey: An empirical analysis on the recent period of the republic

Authors:

Serkan Işık

Publisher:

Balıkesir University

Main Topics:

Maliye Politikası

Journal:

Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 49-1, pp.209-223

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001302796

pISSN:

1301-5265

Keywords:

Abstract:

 In a period of approximately a hundred years, public expenditures have increased significantly in real terms with the changing understanding of government. It was necessary to find new public revenue sources to finance the increasing public expenditures due to many factors such as the social transformation after the industrial revolution, the clarification of the social welfare state concept and the increase in the states intervention in the economy. In its most general form; with the spread of social security services, which are one of the most important parts of social welfare, the source used to finance the provision of these services is called social parafiscal incomes. Social parafiscal revenues, unlike traditional public revenues, are not included in the budget. However, the insufficiency of social parafiscal revenues directly and indirectly affects the public economy, especially the budget. One of the economic variables most affected by social parafiscal income is unemployment. Social parafiscal incomes, which directly affect economic and social life through the labor factor, are closely related to labor costs. Taxes on employment and social parafiscal incomes are important determinants of labor costs and have a serious impact on employment. Forming the legal infrastructure of working life over the years, measuring and understanding the impact of social parafiscal incomes, whose importance and volume are increasing, on unemployment, which is one of the most important economic problems, will contribute to the solution of the problem. For this reason, the study tried to show the effects of social parafiscal incomes on unemployment in Turkey for the period 1980-2021 by using the Fractional Frequency Fourier Autoregressive Lag Distributed Cointegration Test. As a result of the analysis, a significant relationship was found between social parafiscal incomes and the unemployment rate.

 In a period of approximately a hundred years, public expenditures have increased significantly in real terms with the changing understanding of government. It was necessary to find new public revenue sources to finance the increasing public expenditures due to many factors such as the social transformation after the industrial revolution, the clarification of the social welfare state concept and the increase in the states intervention in the economy. In its most general form; with the spread of social security services, which are one of the most important parts of social welfare, the source used to finance the provision of these services is called social parafiscal incomes. Social parafiscal revenues, unlike traditional public revenues, are not included in the budget. However, the insufficiency of social parafiscal revenues directly and indirectly affects the public economy, especially the budget. One of the economic variables most affected by social parafiscal income is unemployment. Social parafiscal incomes, which directly affect economic and social life through the labor factor, are closely related to labor costs. Taxes on employment and social parafiscal incomes are important determinants of labor costs and have a serious impact on employment. Forming the legal infrastructure of working life over the years, measuring and understanding the impact of social parafiscal incomes, whose importance and volume are increasing, on unemployment, which is one of the most important economic problems, will contribute to the solution of the problem. For this reason, the study tried to show the effects of social parafiscal incomes on unemployment in Turkey for the period 1980-2021 by using the Fractional Frequency Fourier Autoregressive Lag Distributed Cointegration Test. As a result of the analysis, a significant relationship was found between social parafiscal incomes and the unemployment rate.

 In a period of approximately a hundred years, public expenditures have increased significantly in real terms with the changing understanding of government. It was necessary to find new public revenue sources to finance the increasing public expenditures due to many factors such as the social transformation after the industrial revolution, the clarification of the social welfare state concept and the increase in the states intervention in the economy. In its most general form; with the spread of social security services, which are one of the most important parts of social welfare, the source used to finance the provision of these services is called social parafiscal incomes. Social parafiscal revenues, unlike traditional public revenues, are not included in the budget. However, the insufficiency of social parafiscal revenues directly and indirectly affects the public economy, especially the budget. One of the economic variables most affected by social parafiscal income is unemployment. Social parafiscal incomes, which directly affect economic and social life through the labor factor, are closely related to labor costs. Taxes on employment and social parafiscal incomes are important determinants of labor costs and have a serious impact on employment. Forming the legal infrastructure of working life over the years, measuring and understanding the impact of social parafiscal incomes, whose importance and volume are increasing, on unemployment, which is one of the most important economic problems, will contribute to the solution of the problem. For this reason, the study tried to show the effects of social parafiscal incomes on unemployment in Turkey for the period 1980-2021 by using the Fractional Frequency Fourier Autoregressive Lag Distributed Cointegration Test. As a result of the analysis, a significant relationship was found between social parafiscal incomes and the unemployment rate.

 Yaklaşık yüz yıllık süreçte, değişen devlet anlayışıyla birlikte kamu harcamaları reel olarak önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Sanayi devrimi sonrası yaşanan toplumsal dönüşüm, sosyal refah devleti anlayışının belirginleşmesi ve devletin ekonomiye müdahalesinin artması gibi pek çok faktörün etkisiyle artan kamu harcamalarının finanse edilebilmesi için yeni kamu geliri kaynaklarının bulunması gerekmiştir. En genel haliyle; toplumsal refahın en önemli parçalarından biri olan sosyal güvenlik hizmetlerinin yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte, söz konusu hizmetlerin sunumunun finanse edilmesi için başvurulan kaynağa sosyal parafiskal gelirler adı verilmektedir. Sosyal parafiskal gelirler, geleneksel kamu gelirlerinden farklı olarak bütçede yer almazlar. Ancak sosyal parafiskal gelirlerin yetersizliği başta bütçe olmak üzere kamu ekonomisini doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Sosyal parafiskallerin en çok etkilediği iktisadi büyüklüklerden biri de işsizliktir. Doğrudan emek faktörü üzerinden ekonomik ve sosyal hayatı etkileyen sosyal parafiskaller, işgücü maliyetiyle yakından ilişkilidir. İstihdam üzerinden alınan vergiler ve sosyal parafiskaller işgücü maliyetinin önemli birer belirleyicisidir ve istihdam üzerinde ciddi etkiye sahiptir. Yıllar itibariyle çalışma hayatının hukuki altyapısının oluşması, önemi ve hacmi giderek artan sosyal parafiskal gelirlerin, en önemli ekonomik sorunlardan biri olan işsizlik üzerindeki etkisinin ölçülmesi ve anlaşılması sorunun çözümüne katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, 1980-2021 dönemi için Türkiyede sosyal parafiskallerin işsizliğe olan etkileri Kesirli Frekanslı Fourier Otoregresif Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Eşbütünleşme Testi kullanılarak gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Analiz neticesinde sosyal parafiskallerle işsizlik oranı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur.

Article Details

The effects of social parafiscal income on unemployment in Turkey: An empirical analysis on the recent period of the republic

Authors:

Serkan Işık

Publisher:

Balıkesir University

Main Topics:

Maliye Politikası

Journal:

Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 49-1, pp.209-223

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001302796

pISSN:

1301-5265

Parafiscality

Social parafiscal incomes

Unemployment

Fractional frequency Fourier autoregressive lag distributed cointegration testParafiskalite

Sosyal parafiskal gelir

İşsizlik

Kesirli frekanslı Fourier otoregresif gecikmesi dağıtılmış eşbütünleşme testi

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Serkan Işık

Publisher: Balıkesir University

Main Topics: Maliye Politikası

Journal: Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 49-1, pp.209-223

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2023

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001302796

pISSN: 1301-5265

Issues

Authors:

Serkan Işık

Publisher:

Balıkesir University

Main Topics:

Maliye Politikası

Journal:

Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 49-1, pp.209-223

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001302796

pISSN:

1301-5265