Mezhepler Arasında İntikal Bağlamında Osmanlı’da Teşeffu’ ve Yasaklanmasına Dair Bazı Tespitler

Ahmet İNANIR

Article Details

Mezhepler Arasında İntikal Bağlamında Osmanlı’da Teşeffu’ ve Yasaklanmasına Dair Bazı Tespitler

Authors:

Ahmet İNANIR

Publisher:

Amasya University

Main Topics:

Religions (General)

Journal:

Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 2019 Vol. Issue 13, pp.9-49

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2019

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2000851275

Frequency:

Monthly

eISSN:

2667-6710

pISSN:

2667-7326

Keywords:

Abstract:

 


Müslüman
toplumlarının ihtiyaçları sonucunda ortaya çıkan ve zamanla müesseseleşen fıkıh
mezhepleri İslam dünyasında bin asrı aşan bir süredir uygulama sahası
bulmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti de aynı geleneği devam ettirmiş ve şer’î hukuk
sahasında Hanefî mezhebini esas almıştır. 


Tek mezhebe
dayalı bu hukukun toplumun ihtiyaçlarına ve gelişme çizgisine ne ölçüde cevap
verdiği, teori ile hayat arasında uyumu nasıl sağladığı, hukuki hayatta
istikrar ve adaletin temininde nasıl bir rol oynadığının anlaşılması hukuk
tarihi açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir.  Zamanın değişimini ve
gelişimini doğru yorumlayabilmek için buna ihtiyaç da vardır. 


Osmanlı
fakihleri Hanefi mezhebinin en sahih görüşlerini uygulamaya çalışmış ancak
şartların değişmesi sonucu, ilgili görüşün maslahatı gerçekleştiremediği
durumlarda çeşitli arayışlara girmişlerdir. Mezhepteki hükmün yeterli olmadığı
veya kamu vicdanını zedelediği bireylerle ilgili bazı meselelerde ise 944/1537
tarihine kadar teşeffu‘yu önermişlerdir. Teşeffu’ hususu, o tarihte yayınlanan
bir fermanla uygulama bu yönde devam ederken, Diyâr-ı Rûm’da tamamen
yasaklanmıştır.









Teşeffu‘
Hanefi mezhebini iltizâm eden bir kimsenin bir meselede Şâfiî kavliyle amel
etmesidir. Bu durumda kişi karşılaştığı meselenin çözümü için ya doğrudan Şâfiî
hâkime ya da dolaylı olarak Hanefî hâkimin tayin ettiği Şâfiî naibe müracaat
edecektir. Bu çalışmada öteden beri uygulama alanı bulmuş olan teşeffu‘
imkânının yasaklanma sebebleri araştırılmaktadır. 




.

 


The Islamic
sects that emerged as a result of the needs of the Islamic states and their
societies and institutionalized to over time have found application areas for a
period of more than a century in the Islamic world. The Ottoman Empire has
maintained the same tradition and based on the Hanafi sect in the spiritual law
field. It is of great importance in terms of history law to understand to what
extent this law based on one sect responds to the needs and development of
society, how it provides adaptation between theory and pratic, how this law
plays a role in ensuring stability and justice in legal life. Besides, there is
also a need for this law to interpret the development and change of time
correctly. 


The Ottoman
scribes have tried to apply the most authentic views of the Hanafi sect, but as
a result of the change of conditions, they have sought various searches when
the related opinion was not realized on an affair. Within this scope, they have
paid attention to remain in the sect by making into it a mandatory law rule
with the approval of the padishah, since they have not been able to change the
judicial opinion which has become rooted in the sect in time and has been given
a fatwa with the denomination due to their understanding of one sect law.
However, in some issues related to individuals in which the judgment in the
sect was not sufficient or damages the public conscience, they had recommended
being shafii until 944/1537. While it was continuing to practice this direction
with an edict published at that time, the issue of being shafii was completely
prohibited in the Greek land. 


To be shafii
is to be treated with Shafii utterance in an issue of a person who upholds the
Hanafi sect. In this case, the person will apply either directly to the shafii
judge or indirectly to the shafii public defender is assigned by Hanafi judge,
in order to solve the problem. Because, since before now, Hanafi sect and
Shafii sect have been integrated with one another both in the process of
formation and in terms of geography and activity in which they spread.
Consequently, Ottoman scribes not only know the different views of Shafii sect
but also point the way them to Shafii kadi, even in limited areas. As far as it
can be determined, some issues that they have been proposed before this date
are as follows:


- To benefit
from the parent leave requirement of the marriage in Shafii wedding to avoid
from the hull, in case of divorce through three divorces in a legitimate
marriage,


- To benefit
from the possibility of discrimination, because the man in Shafiis’ does not
fulfill his/her alimony responsibility, in case of the husband's disappearance
and need for alimony of the spouse, 


- To take
advantage of the opportunity to give up in Shafii sect without breaking the
oath, after he takes the oath,


- It is to
claim that the dance and the fate which is not seen as legitimate by the Ottoman
scribes are made on the Shafii sect.


It has been
researched that reasons for the removal of the possibility of being Shafii
which is the field of application since before now in the study. As a result,
it has been concluded that the claim of some of the Sufi circles render the
dance and fate by being Shafii with the exception of the proposal of some
Ottoman scribes to avoid legal prosecutions have an effect on the prohibition.
Scribes have been unable to respond to the claim of Sufis’ since it has been a
solution method proposed by them. Therefore, this situation has resulted in a
lack of legal basis for legal investigations into the environment. It has been
determined that the security problem of the state has been trying to overcome
by being forbidden to be Shafii with the edict of the padishah since there is
nothing, they can do in the sect.



















In the
meantime, while there are many practices that show that there is a passing of
imitations, even in certain issues, which accept the tecezzis of the imitation,
the Ottoman legal system is limited to a single denomination on one hand and a
Sharia field is regulated by law. It can be said that the security-priority
approach, based on the example of the Teşeffu', has narrowed the flexibility of
sharia law towards single sectarian law, and this situation has continued to
some extent until the decree of jurisprudence. With the loss of legal
flexibility in this field, individuals, unfortunately, hiding, denial, hülle,
etc. It is seen that he tries to overcome the ways that sharia law does not
approve at all. However, after the ferment, we perceived a threat of security
and continued to propose the use of different denominations that would allow
statesmen to act in accordance with public authority on issues related to mulhid.
This situation reveals that the Ottoman jurists act with the responsibility of
being a statesman as well as being a cleric.



.

Article Details

Mezhepler Arasında İntikal Bağlamında Osmanlı’da Teşeffu’ ve Yasaklanmasına Dair Bazı Tespitler

Authors:

Ahmet İNANIR

Publisher:

Amasya University

Main Topics:

Religions (General)

Journal:

Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 2019 Vol. Issue 13, pp.9-49

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2019

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2000851275

Frequency:

Monthly

eISSN:

2667-6710

pISSN:

2667-7326

İslam Hukuku

Osmanlı Devleti

Hanefi Mezhebi

Şafiî Mezhebi

Teşeffu‘

Issues

Article Details

Mezhepler Arasında İntikal Bağlamında Osmanlı’da Teşeffu’ ve Yasaklanmasına Dair Bazı Tespitler

Authors: Ahmet İNANIR

Publisher: Amasya University

Main Topics: Religions (General)

Journal: Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 2019 Vol. Issue 13, pp.9-49

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 12/2019

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2000851275

Frequency: Monthly

eISSN: 2667-6710

pISSN: 2667-7326

İslam Hukuku

Osmanlı Devleti

Hanefi Mezhebi

Şafiî Mezhebi

Teşeffu‘

Issues

Authors:

Ahmet İNANIR

Publisher:

Amasya University

Main Topics:

Religions (General)

Journal:

Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 2019 Vol. Issue 13, pp.9-49

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2019

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2000851275

Frequency:

Monthly

eISSN:

2667-6710

pISSN:

2667-7326