Transition from cartel parties to anti-system populist parties: Theoretical review

Funda Gülşen

Article Details

Transition from cartel parties to anti-system populist parties: Theoretical review

Authors:

Funda Gülşen

Publisher:

Nigde Omer Halisdemir University

Main Topics:

Kamu Yönetimi

Journal:

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 2, pp.259-271

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

4/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317107

pISSN:

2564-6931

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Katz and Mair 1995 proposed a institutional approach to classify political parties. They categorized party types as cadre elite and mass parties theorized by Duverger 1974, catch-all parties introduced by Kirchheimer 1969, and cartel parties, which they defined for the first time. With the transition to the neoliberal economic model, catch-all parties have had to compete in the political arena with low membership, limited policy areas, and weak financial resources. This has led them to adopt a new survival strategy. The parties in the system have aimed to restrict competition among themselves and maximize their benefits from public financial aid, thus forming cartels. Cartel parties whose membership ties have weakened and have moved away from the electorate have been attacked by anti-establishment parties that have failed to respond to changing socio-economic dynamics. This study examines the characteristics of different types of parties, from cadre parties to populist parties, using a historical comparative method based on Katz and Mairs party typology. In recent years, populist parties, which have an extensive literature due to many studies, mostly stand out with anti-immigration, short-term policies, xenophobia, and charismatic leaders. This study aims to provide a new perspective by evaluating the impact of cartel parties to explain the rise of populist parties.

 Katz and Mair 1995 proposed a institutional approach to classify political parties. They categorized party types as cadre elite and mass parties theorized by Duverger 1974, catch-all parties introduced by Kirchheimer 1969, and cartel parties, which they defined for the first time. With the transition to the neoliberal economic model, catch-all parties have had to compete in the political arena with low membership, limited policy areas, and weak financial resources. This has led them to adopt a new survival strategy. The parties in the system have aimed to restrict competition among themselves and maximize their benefits from public financial aid, thus forming cartels. Cartel parties whose membership ties have weakened and have moved away from the electorate have been attacked by anti-establishment parties that have failed to respond to changing socio-economic dynamics. This study examines the characteristics of different types of parties, from cadre parties to populist parties, using a historical comparative method based on Katz and Mairs party typology. In recent years, populist parties, which have an extensive literature due to many studies, mostly stand out with anti-immigration, short-term policies, xenophobia, and charismatic leaders. This study aims to provide a new perspective by evaluating the impact of cartel parties to explain the rise of populist parties.

 Katz and Mair 1995 proposed a institutional approach to classify political parties. They categorized party types as cadre elite and mass parties theorized by Duverger 1974, catch-all parties introduced by Kirchheimer 1969, and cartel parties, which they defined for the first time. With the transition to the neoliberal economic model, catch-all parties have had to compete in the political arena with low membership, limited policy areas, and weak financial resources. This has led them to adopt a new survival strategy. The parties in the system have aimed to restrict competition among themselves and maximize their benefits from public financial aid, thus forming cartels. Cartel parties whose membership ties have weakened and have moved away from the electorate have been attacked by anti-establishment parties that have failed to respond to changing socio-economic dynamics. This study examines the characteristics of different types of parties, from cadre parties to populist parties, using a historical comparative method based on Katz and Mairs party typology. In recent years, populist parties, which have an extensive literature due to many studies, mostly stand out with anti-immigration, short-term policies, xenophobia, and charismatic leaders. This study aims to provide a new perspective by evaluating the impact of cartel parties to explain the rise of populist parties.

 Kartel partiler, siyasi parti sınıflandırmaları içinde kurumsalcı bir yaklaşım benimsenerek Katz ve Mair 1995 tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Katz ve Mair parti türlerini, Duvergerin 1974 teorize ettiği kadro elit ve kitle partileri, Kirchheimerın 1969 ortaya koyduğu herkesi kucaklayan partiler catch-all party ve kendilerinin ilk kez tanımladığı kartel partiler olarak sınıflandırmıştır. Neoliberal ekonomik modele geçişle beraber herkesi kucaklayan catch-all party partiler, düşük üyelik, kısıtlı politika alanı ve zayıf finansman kaynağı ile politik alanda rekabet etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu da onları yeni bir hayatta kalma stratejisine yönlendirmiştir. Sistemdeki partiler kendi aralarında rekabeti kısıtlayarak kamusal mali yardımlardan maksimum düzeyde yararlanmayı amaçlamışlar ve böylece kartelleşmişlerdir. Üyelik bağı zayıflayan ve seçmenden uzaklaşan kartel partiler değişen sosyo-ekonomik dinamiklere cevap verememiş ve düzen karşıtı partilerden olan popülist partiler tarafından saldırıya uğramıştır. Çalışma Katz ve Mairin parti türü sınıflandırmasını temel alarak, kadro partilerinden popülist partilere kadar olan parti türlerinin özelliklerini tarihsel karşılaştırmalı bir yöntemle incelemektedir. Son yıllarda birçok çalışmayla geniş bir literatüre sahip olan popülist parti literatüründe kartel partilerin nedenselliği üzerinden bir perspektif açmak amaçlanmaktadır.

Article Details

Transition from cartel parties to anti-system populist parties: Theoretical review

Authors:

Funda Gülşen

Publisher:

Nigde Omer Halisdemir University

Main Topics:

Kamu Yönetimi

Journal:

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 2, pp.259-271

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

4/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317107

pISSN:

2564-6931

Party Types

Cartel Parties and Anty-System Populist PartiesParti Türleri

Kartel Partiler

Düzen Karşıtı Popülist Partiler

Issues

Article Details

Transition from cartel parties to anti-system populist parties: Theoretical review

Authors: Funda Gülşen

Publisher: Nigde Omer Halisdemir University

Main Topics: Kamu Yönetimi

Journal: Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 2, pp.259-271

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 4/2024

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001317107

pISSN: 2564-6931

Party Types

Cartel Parties and Anty-System Populist PartiesParti Türleri

Kartel Partiler

Düzen Karşıtı Popülist Partiler

Issues

Authors:

Funda Gülşen

Publisher:

Nigde Omer Halisdemir University

Main Topics:

Kamu Yönetimi

Journal:

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 2, pp.259-271

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

4/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317107

pISSN:

2564-6931