Comparison of Optional Sanctions ın Turkish Criminal Law With Ta῾Zîr Punishment In Islamic Law

Taha Yılmaz

Article Details

Comparison of Optional Sanctions ın Turkish Criminal Law With Ta῾Zîr Punishment In Islamic Law

Authors:

Taha Yılmaz

Publisher:

Erciyes University

Main Topics:

Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü

Journal:

Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.19 Issue 2, pp.1157-1187

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001330677

pISSN:

1306-3839

Keywords:

Abstract:

 The subject of the article is the comparison of the alternative sanc tions in Turkish Criminal Law and the tazir penalty in Islamic law. While discussing the subject, the concepts of crime and punishment in both legal systems were also evaluated in relation to the subject. Positi ve Turkish Law protects rights in society and imposes certain respon sibilities on individuals, with a distinction between criminal law, civil law and law of obligations. Achieving social justice and ensuring the security of life and property is only possible with the rules of law. In the Turkish Penal Code, crimes are divided into two: reckless and intentio nal crimes. Although the punishment for many of these crimes is clear, the way in which some resulting penalties will be executed or deemed to have been executed has been left to the conscientious opinion of the judge by the legislator in case certain conditions are met. Although Is lamic Law does not, in principle, base on a sharp distinction such as criminal, debts and civil law, like Turkish law, it has a section called criminal lawukubat. In Islamic criminal law, punishments are divided into three types: hadd, retaliation-diyyat and tazīr. The limits, quality and method of execution of hadd and retaliation punishments are de termined by the texts. The legislature did not leave discretion to thejudge in the punishment of these crimes. However, in Islamic law, the punishment of some crimes is left to the discretion of the judge. The judge has the right to assess these penalties depending on the crime and the criminals situation. These penalties are called tazir penalties. Tazīr punishments should be of a nature that prevents, modifies, de ters and disciplines people from committing crimes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the similarity of the alternative sanctions in the Turkish Penal Code with the Tazîr penalty in Islamic law and to reveal their similarities and points of difference in terms of some inte rests they pursue for the individual and the society, even though the two laws are different from each other in terms of structure and source. This issue makes the study current and important. When we look at legal systems, it is clear that legislators always consider the purpose, interests and justice dimension of the provisions. The judge can use his discretionary power in favor of the peace and security of the individual and society, based on the corridor that the legislator has given him fre edom. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon of alternative sanctions in the Turkish Penal Code are criminal law sanctions other than impri sonment that do not deprive the person of his freedom, such as emplo ying him in a job that is beneficial to the public if it is voluntary, restric ting the right to go to certain places, electronic monitoring, and fines. This sanction is applied to convicts whose penalty amount is converted into a prison sentence of one year or less by various means after the sentence is determined, and to reckless crimes, excluding conscious negligence, without any time limit. In this context, alternative sanctions have been determined in a way that they are not as restrictive to free dom as imprisonment and are an alternative to imprisonment. TCK Art. Execution limits of 50 alternative sanctions have been drawn. In the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237, alternative sanctions to short-term imp risonment are judicial fines, working in an educational institution, ban ning from performing certain activities, withdrawal of drivers license and registration, and public benefits, depending on the personality of the criminal, his social and economic situation, his remorse during the trial process and the commission of the crime. It covers issues such as employment in certain jobs. In Islamic criminal law, in addition to pe nalties whose arbitrariness and implementation are clear, penalties whose arbitrariness and implementation are left to the discretion of the judge are also included in the agenda. The execution of these sentencesis carried out by the judges jurisprudence. Especially in cases where the criminal elements were not fully established or the detection was not based on material evidence and was suspicious, it was generally implemented in the form of exile or deprivation of certain rights. Here, the defendants remorse and previous good condition are also a deter mining factor. In this case, although the crime is clear, the punishment is not determined in advance and is left to the discretion of the judge. The similarity to alternative sanctions in Turkish criminal law is that the amount and quality of the punishment will be determined by the judge. ..continued in the article.

 Çalışmanın konusu Türk Ceza Hukukundaki seçenek yaptırımlar ile İslâm hukukunda mevcut olan tazir cezalarının karşılaştırılması- dır. Hukuk tarihine baktığımızda cezalar infaz edilirken ödetme, kefa- ret, caydırma, önleme, topluma kazandırma vb. hedefler gözetilmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı yapı ve kaynak bakımından her nekadar birbirle- rinden farklı olsalar da cezanın infazında fert ve toplum için gözettik- leri bazı maslahatlar açısından bu iki hukukun benzeyen ve ayrılan noktalarını ortaya koymaktır. Sonuç olarak seçenek yaptırımlar ile İslâm ceza hukukundaki cezalarda evrensel ve tarihsel değerler açı-sından gözetilen insanın sosyalleşmesi ve topluma kazandırılması hedefinin benzeştiği görülmektedir. Bu da iki hukukun da sosyolojik olarak cezanın infazında insanı öncelediğini göstermekte ve cezanın infazında hedefledikleri hususların kıyaslanmasını önemli kılmakta- dır. Bu hedefler cezanın infazıyla birlikte kamu vicdanının rahatlatıl- ması, toplumsal güvenin sağlanması, kişinin terbiye edilerek topluma kazandırılması ve sosyalleşmesidir. Bu hususlar Türk ceza hukukunda diğer cezaların infazında da var olmakla birlikte baskın olarak seçe- nek yaptırımlarda bulunmaktadır. İslâm ceza hukukunda ise bu alan tazir cezası adı altında oldukça geniş bırakılmıştır. Konu ele alınırken her iki hukuk sistemindeki suç ve ceza kavramları da değerlendiril- miştir. Bu çalışmada konu nitel yöntemin metin analizi, karşılaştırma ve tarihi, güncel doküman yöntemi esas alınarak irdelenmiştir.

 The subject of the article is the comparison of the alternative sanc tions in Turkish Criminal Law and the tazir penalty in Islamic law. While discussing the subject, the concepts of crime and punishment in both legal systems were also evaluated in relation to the subject. Positi ve Turkish Law protects rights in society and imposes certain respon sibilities on individuals, with a distinction between criminal law, civil law and law of obligations. Achieving social justice and ensuring the security of life and property is only possible with the rules of law. In the Turkish Penal Code, crimes are divided into two: reckless and intentio nal crimes. Although the punishment for many of these crimes is clear, the way in which some resulting penalties will be executed or deemed to have been executed has been left to the conscientious opinion of the judge by the legislator in case certain conditions are met. Although Is lamic Law does not, in principle, base on a sharp distinction such as criminal, debts and civil law, like Turkish law, it has a section called criminal lawukubat. In Islamic criminal law, punishments are divided into three types: hadd, retaliation-diyyat and tazīr. The limits, quality and method of execution of hadd and retaliation punishments are de termined by the texts. The legislature did not leave discretion to thejudge in the punishment of these crimes. However, in Islamic law, the punishment of some crimes is left to the discretion of the judge. The judge has the right to assess these penalties depending on the crime and the criminals situation. These penalties are called tazir penalties. Tazīr punishments should be of a nature that prevents, modifies, de ters and disciplines people from committing crimes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the similarity of the alternative sanctions in the Turkish Penal Code with the Tazîr penalty in Islamic law and to reveal their similarities and points of difference in terms of some inte rests they pursue for the individual and the society, even though the two laws are different from each other in terms of structure and source. This issue makes the study current and important. When we look at legal systems, it is clear that legislators always consider the purpose, interests and justice dimension of the provisions. The judge can use his discretionary power in favor of the peace and security of the individual and society, based on the corridor that the legislator has given him fre edom. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon of alternative sanctions in the Turkish Penal Code are criminal law sanctions other than impri sonment that do not deprive the person of his freedom, such as emplo ying him in a job that is beneficial to the public if it is voluntary, restric ting the right to go to certain places, electronic monitoring, and fines. This sanction is applied to convicts whose penalty amount is converted into a prison sentence of one year or less by various means after the sentence is determined, and to reckless crimes, excluding conscious negligence, without any time limit. In this context, alternative sanctions have been determined in a way that they are not as restrictive to free dom as imprisonment and are an alternative to imprisonment. TCK Art. Execution limits of 50 alternative sanctions have been drawn. In the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237, alternative sanctions to short-term imp risonment are judicial fines, working in an educational institution, ban ning from performing certain activities, withdrawal of drivers license and registration, and public benefits, depending on the personality of the criminal, his social and economic situation, his remorse during the trial process and the commission of the crime. It covers issues such as employment in certain jobs. In Islamic criminal law, in addition to pe nalties whose arbitrariness and implementation are clear, penalties whose arbitrariness and implementation are left to the discretion of the judge are also included in the agenda. The execution of these sentencesis carried out by the judges jurisprudence. Especially in cases where the criminal elements were not fully established or the detection was not based on material evidence and was suspicious, it was generally implemented in the form of exile or deprivation of certain rights. Here, the defendants remorse and previous good condition are also a deter mining factor. In this case, although the crime is clear, the punishment is not determined in advance and is left to the discretion of the judge. The similarity to alternative sanctions in Turkish criminal law is that the amount and quality of the punishment will be determined by the judge. ..continued in the article.

 The subject of the article is the comparison of the alternative sanc tions in Turkish Criminal Law and the tazir penalty in Islamic law. While discussing the subject, the concepts of crime and punishment in both legal systems were also evaluated in relation to the subject. Positi ve Turkish Law protects rights in society and imposes certain respon sibilities on individuals, with a distinction between criminal law, civil law and law of obligations. Achieving social justice and ensuring the security of life and property is only possible with the rules of law. In the Turkish Penal Code, crimes are divided into two: reckless and intentio nal crimes. Although the punishment for many of these crimes is clear, the way in which some resulting penalties will be executed or deemed to have been executed has been left to the conscientious opinion of the judge by the legislator in case certain conditions are met. Although Is lamic Law does not, in principle, base on a sharp distinction such as criminal, debts and civil law, like Turkish law, it has a section called criminal lawukubat. In Islamic criminal law, punishments are divided into three types: hadd, retaliation-diyyat and tazīr. The limits, quality and method of execution of hadd and retaliation punishments are de termined by the texts. The legislature did not leave discretion to thejudge in the punishment of these crimes. However, in Islamic law, the punishment of some crimes is left to the discretion of the judge. The judge has the right to assess these penalties depending on the crime and the criminals situation. These penalties are called tazir penalties. Tazīr punishments should be of a nature that prevents, modifies, de ters and disciplines people from committing crimes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the similarity of the alternative sanctions in the Turkish Penal Code with the Tazîr penalty in Islamic law and to reveal their similarities and points of difference in terms of some inte rests they pursue for the individual and the society, even though the two laws are different from each other in terms of structure and source. This issue makes the study current and important. When we look at legal systems, it is clear that legislators always consider the purpose, interests and justice dimension of the provisions. The judge can use his discretionary power in favor of the peace and security of the individual and society, based on the corridor that the legislator has given him fre edom. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon of alternative sanctions in the Turkish Penal Code are criminal law sanctions other than impri sonment that do not deprive the person of his freedom, such as emplo ying him in a job that is beneficial to the public if it is voluntary, restric ting the right to go to certain places, electronic monitoring, and fines. This sanction is applied to convicts whose penalty amount is converted into a prison sentence of one year or less by various means after the sentence is determined, and to reckless crimes, excluding conscious negligence, without any time limit. In this context, alternative sanctions have been determined in a way that they are not as restrictive to free dom as imprisonment and are an alternative to imprisonment. TCK Art. Execution limits of 50 alternative sanctions have been drawn. In the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237, alternative sanctions to short-term imp risonment are judicial fines, working in an educational institution, ban ning from performing certain activities, withdrawal of drivers license and registration, and public benefits, depending on the personality of the criminal, his social and economic situation, his remorse during the trial process and the commission of the crime. It covers issues such as employment in certain jobs. In Islamic criminal law, in addition to pe nalties whose arbitrariness and implementation are clear, penalties whose arbitrariness and implementation are left to the discretion of the judge are also included in the agenda. The execution of these sentencesis carried out by the judges jurisprudence. Especially in cases where the criminal elements were not fully established or the detection was not based on material evidence and was suspicious, it was generally implemented in the form of exile or deprivation of certain rights. Here, the defendants remorse and previous good condition are also a deter mining factor. In this case, although the crime is clear, the punishment is not determined in advance and is left to the discretion of the judge. The similarity to alternative sanctions in Turkish criminal law is that the amount and quality of the punishment will be determined by the judge. ..continued in the article.

Article Details

Comparison of Optional Sanctions ın Turkish Criminal Law With Ta῾Zîr Punishment In Islamic Law

Authors:

Taha Yılmaz

Publisher:

Erciyes University

Main Topics:

Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü

Journal:

Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.19 Issue 2, pp.1157-1187

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001330677

pISSN:

1306-3839

Islamic Law

Punishment

Crime

Punishment

Opti onal Sanctionsİslâm Hukuku

Ceza

Suç

Ta῾zîr

Seçenek Yaptırımlar

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Taha Yılmaz

Publisher: Erciyes University

Main Topics: Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü

Journal: Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.19 Issue 2, pp.1157-1187

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2024

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001330677

pISSN: 1306-3839

Issues

Authors:

Taha Yılmaz

Publisher:

Erciyes University

Main Topics:

Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü

Journal:

Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.19 Issue 2, pp.1157-1187

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001330677

pISSN:

1306-3839