Evaluations of the Practice Regarding Alteration of Negotiable Instruments (TCC art. 748)

Burçak Yıldız

Article Details

Evaluations of the Practice Regarding Alteration of Negotiable Instruments (TCC art. 748)

Authors:

Burçak Yıldız

Publisher:

Dokuz Eylul University

Main Topics:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal:

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 1, pp.105-136

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

5/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001318375

pISSN:

1303-6963

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Turkish Commercial Code TCC art. 748 regulates the consequences of the alteration made on the text of negotiable instrument after it is put into circulation. According to the TCC, those who signed the negotiable instrument after the alteration are liable according to the changed text, and those who signed before that are responsible according to the old text. In order to implement art. 748, the negotiable instrument must be valid before and after the alteration. The fact that it has been altered does not affect the nature of the negotiable instrument. The debtor who asserts the alteration defence must prove the alteration. One view in the doctrine argues that the debtor of the negotiable instrument is deemed to have signed the text before the alteration, and the creditor must prove the contrary. However, in Swiss law, it is accepted as a presumption that the debtor signed the text after it was altered and the debtor has to prove that he signed before the alteration. The Turkish Court of Cassation also ruled that the debtor must prove that he signed the text before the alteration.

 Turkish Commercial Code TCC art. 748 regulates the consequences of the alteration made on the text of negotiable instrument after it is put into circulation. According to the TCC, those who signed the negotiable instrument after the alteration are liable according to the changed text, and those who signed before that are responsible according to the old text. In order to implement art. 748, the negotiable instrument must be valid before and after the alteration. The fact that it has been altered does not affect the nature of the negotiable instrument. The debtor who asserts the alteration defence must prove the alteration. One view in the doctrine argues that the debtor of the negotiable instrument is deemed to have signed the text before the alteration, and the creditor must prove the contrary. However, in Swiss law, it is accepted as a presumption that the debtor signed the text after it was altered and the debtor has to prove that he signed before the alteration. The Turkish Court of Cassation also ruled that the debtor must prove that he signed the text before the alteration.

 Turkish Commercial Code TCC art. 748 regulates the consequences of the alteration made on the text of negotiable instrument after it is put into circulation. According to the TCC, those who signed the negotiable instrument after the alteration are liable according to the changed text, and those who signed before that are responsible according to the old text. In order to implement art. 748, the negotiable instrument must be valid before and after the alteration. The fact that it has been altered does not affect the nature of the negotiable instrument. The debtor who asserts the alteration defence must prove the alteration. One view in the doctrine argues that the debtor of the negotiable instrument is deemed to have signed the text before the alteration, and the creditor must prove the contrary. However, in Swiss law, it is accepted as a presumption that the debtor signed the text after it was altered and the debtor has to prove that he signed before the alteration. The Turkish Court of Cassation also ruled that the debtor must prove that he signed the text before the alteration.

 Kambiyo senetlerinde tahrifat, TTK m. 748de düzenlenmiştir. Hükme göre değiştirmeden sonra senet üzerine imza koymuş olan kişiler değişmiş metne ve ondan önce imzasını koyanlar ise eski metne göre sorumlu olurlar. Söz konusu kurumun uygulanma şartları, büyük ölçüde yargı kararlarıyla şekillenmiştir. TTK m. 748 hükmünün uygulanabilmesi için değişiklik yapılmasından önce geçerli bir kambiyo senedi bulunmalı, tahrifat senet tedavüle çıktıktan sonra ve senet metninde yapılmış olmalı, tahrifat yapılmasından sonra da senet geçerliliğini sürdürüyor olmalıdır. Tahrif edilmiş olması, senedin kambiyo senedi niteliğini etkilememektedir. Hüküm, senetteki çıkıntı, kazıntı veya silintinin ayrıca onanmamışsa, inkâr hâlinde göz önünde tutulmayacağına ilişkin HMK m. 207 hükmüne belli ölçüde istisna teşkil etmektedir; zira onanmış olmasa bile tahrif edilen metin, bu müdahaleden sonra kambiyo senedini imzalamış olanlar için bağlayıcıdır. Tahrifat defini ileri süren borçlu senette tahrifat yapılmış olduğunu ispatlamalıdır. Borçlunun senedi tahrifat yapılmasından önce imzalamış olduğunu kendisinin mi yoksa alacaklının mı ispatlaması gerektiği hususu ise önem taşımaktadır. Öğretide bir görüş, senet borçlusunun senedi tahrifattan önce imzalamış sayıldığını, aksini alacaklının ispatlaması gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Ancak mehaz İsviçre hukukunda borçlunun senedi tahrifattan sonra imzalamış olduğu karine olarak kabul edilmekte; tahrifattan önce imzalamış olduğu konusundaki ispat yükünün borçluda olduğu belirtilmektedir. Yargıtay da senedi tahrifattan önce imzalamış olduğunu borçlunun ispatlaması gerektiğine hükmetmiştir.

Article Details

Evaluations of the Practice Regarding Alteration of Negotiable Instruments (TCC art. 748)

Authors:

Burçak Yıldız

Publisher:

Dokuz Eylul University

Main Topics:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal:

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 1, pp.105-136

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

5/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001318375

pISSN:

1303-6963

Alteration

Alteration defence

Negotiable instrument

Execution proceeding peculiar to negotiable instrument

ForgeryTahrifat

Tahrifat def’i

Kambiyo senedi

Kambiyo senetlerine mahsus takip

Senet metninde değişiklik

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Burçak Yıldız

Publisher: Dokuz Eylul University

Main Topics: Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 1, pp.105-136

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 5/2024

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001318375

pISSN: 1303-6963

Issues

Authors:

Burçak Yıldız

Publisher:

Dokuz Eylul University

Main Topics:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal:

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.26 Issue 1, pp.105-136

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

5/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001318375

pISSN:

1303-6963