A SUI GENERIS CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN ENFORCEMENT LAW

Gülnihal Zeynep Şahin

Article Details

A SUI GENERIS CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN ENFORCEMENT LAW

Authors:

Gülnihal Zeynep Şahin

Publisher:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Main Topics:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 4, pp.1795-1830

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2025

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001360329

pISSN:

2651-4141

Keywords:

Abstract:

 The sixteenth chapter of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code regulates, on the one hand, enforcement offenses punishable by imprisonment or judicial fines, and, on the other hand, disciplinary and coercive imprisonment specific to breaches of obligations, with the aim of safeguarding the uninterrupted and effective functioning of compulsory enforcement. Acts sanctioned with imprisonment or judicial fines constitute crimes in the sense of criminal law. Disciplinary and coercive imprisonment, however, are instruments of public authority directed at the performance of the debt, the execution of which immediately ceases once the obligation is fulfilled. The rules of enforcement criminal procedure differ from those of general criminal procedure: in offenses subject to complaint, the proceedings commence directly before the enforcement court, the public prosecutor does not attend the hearing, and, under certain conditions, trial in the absence of the accused Article 3495 may be conducted. For offenses not subject to complaint, the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure apply. As regards the institution of reconciliation, divergent practices since 2016 were resolved by the 2021 decision of the Court of Cassation General Criminal Assembly, which concluded that reconciliation is not applicable in enforcement criminal proceedings on the grounds of purposive and procedural incompatibility and the risk of repeated enforcement proceedings. Article 354 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code provides a sui generis mechanism under which the case and the penalty lapse in the event of waiver of complaint or payment of the debt; as for appeals, Article 353 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code and the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are decisive.

 The sixteenth chapter of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code regulates, on the one hand, enforcement offenses punishable by imprisonment or judicial fines, and, on the other hand, disciplinary and coercive imprisonment specific to breaches of obligations, with the aim of safeguarding the uninterrupted and effective functioning of compulsory enforcement. Acts sanctioned with imprisonment or judicial fines constitute crimes in the sense of criminal law. Disciplinary and coercive imprisonment, however, are instruments of public authority directed at the performance of the debt, the execution of which immediately ceases once the obligation is fulfilled. The rules of enforcement criminal procedure differ from those of general criminal procedure: in offenses subject to complaint, the proceedings commence directly before the enforcement court, the public prosecutor does not attend the hearing, and, under certain conditions, trial in the absence of the accused Article 3495 may be conducted. For offenses not subject to complaint, the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure apply. As regards the institution of reconciliation, divergent practices since 2016 were resolved by the 2021 decision of the Court of Cassation General Criminal Assembly, which concluded that reconciliation is not applicable in enforcement criminal proceedings on the grounds of purposive and procedural incompatibility and the risk of repeated enforcement proceedings. Article 354 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code provides a sui generis mechanism under which the case and the penalty lapse in the event of waiver of complaint or payment of the debt; as for appeals, Article 353 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code and the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are decisive.

 The sixteenth chapter of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code regulates, on the one hand, enforcement offenses punishable by imprisonment or judicial fines, and, on the other hand, disciplinary and coercive imprisonment specific to breaches of obligations, with the aim of safeguarding the uninterrupted and effective functioning of compulsory enforcement. Acts sanctioned with imprisonment or judicial fines constitute crimes in the sense of criminal law. Disciplinary and coercive imprisonment, however, are instruments of public authority directed at the performance of the debt, the execution of which immediately ceases once the obligation is fulfilled. The rules of enforcement criminal procedure differ from those of general criminal procedure: in offenses subject to complaint, the proceedings commence directly before the enforcement court, the public prosecutor does not attend the hearing, and, under certain conditions, trial in the absence of the accused Article 3495 may be conducted. For offenses not subject to complaint, the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure apply. As regards the institution of reconciliation, divergent practices since 2016 were resolved by the 2021 decision of the Court of Cassation General Criminal Assembly, which concluded that reconciliation is not applicable in enforcement criminal proceedings on the grounds of purposive and procedural incompatibility and the risk of repeated enforcement proceedings. Article 354 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code provides a sui generis mechanism under which the case and the penalty lapse in the event of waiver of complaint or payment of the debt; as for appeals, Article 353 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code and the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are decisive.

 İcra ve İflâs Kanununun on altıncı babı, cebrî icranın kesintisiz ve etkin bir biçimde işleyişini korumak amacıyla bir yandan hapis veya adlî para cezasını gerektiren icra suçlarını, diğer yandan yükümlülük ihlallerine özgü disiplin ve tazyik hapsini düzenler. Hapisadlî para cezası yaptırımına bağlanmış fiiller, ceza hukuku anlamında suç niteliği taşır. Disiplin ve tazyik hapsi ise borcun ifasına yönelen, yükümlülük yerine getirildiğinde infazı derhâl sona erdirilen kamu gücü araçlarıdır. İcra ceza yargılaması kuralları, genel ceza yargılamasından farklılık gösterir: Şikâyete tabi suçlarda süreç doğrudan icra mahkemesinde başlar, duruşmada Cumhuriyet savcısı bulunmaz ve belli şartlarda sanığın yokluğunda yargılama İİK m. 3495 yapılabilir. Şikâyete tabi olmayan suçlarda ise Ceza Muhakemesi Kanununun ilgili hükümleri uygulanır. Uzlaştırma kurumu bakımından 2016 yılı ve sonrası farklı yöndeki uygulamalar, Yargıtay Ceza Genel Kurulunun 2021 tarihli kararıyla, amaçsal ve usûlî yapıdaki uyumsuzluk ile mükerrer icra takibi riski gerekçeleri üzerinden icra ceza yargısında uzlaştırmanın uygulanamayacağı yönünde sonuca bağlanmıştır. İİK m. 354, şikâyetten feragat veya borcun ödenmesi hâlinde dava ve cezanın düşmesini sağlayan kendine özgü bir mekanizma sunar; kanun yoluna başvuru bakımından ise İİK m. 353 ve CMK hükümleri esas alınır.

Article Details

A SUI GENERIS CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN ENFORCEMENT LAW

Authors:

Gülnihal Zeynep Şahin

Publisher:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Main Topics:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 4, pp.1795-1830

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2025

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001360329

pISSN:

2651-4141

Enforcement offences

Enforcement criminal adjudication

Enforcement criminal procedure

Disciplinary and coercive imprisonment

Enforcement crimes.İcra suçları

İcra ceza yargısı

İcra ceza yargılaması

Disiplin ve tazyik hapsi

İcra iflâs suçları.

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Gülnihal Zeynep Şahin

Publisher: Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Main Topics: Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal: Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 4, pp.1795-1830

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2025

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001360329

pISSN: 2651-4141

Issues

Authors:

Gülnihal Zeynep Şahin

Publisher:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Main Topics:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Journal:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 4, pp.1795-1830

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2025

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001360329

pISSN:

2651-4141