The Influence of Natural Sciences on Arabic Phonological Tradition: The Case of Juhd al-muqill

Nazife Nihal İnce

Article Details

The Influence of Natural Sciences on Arabic Phonological Tradition: The Case of Juhd al-muqill

Authors:

Nazife Nihal İnce

Publisher:

Hitit University

Main Topics:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Journal:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.520-537

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001322092

pISSN:

2757-6949

Keywords:

Abstract:

 In this study, the influence of natural sciences on Arabic phonology tradition is investigated in the case of a late tajweed book, Juhd al-muqill. Phonology is a field that analyses speech sounds as a subject of linguistics. Speech sounds can be the subject of linguistic sciences in terms of reflecting the customs of a particular language, and of natural sciences in terms of their physical nature. Considering this aspect of sounds, it seems possible for the two fields to influence each other. Accordingly, our research analysed this hypothesised retrospective effect through document analysis. Since the influence of the natural sciences on the Arabic phonological tradition is manifested in the conception of sound or in the terms used, these two issues constitute the focus of the research. The universe of the research is the sources of natural sciences before Juhd al-muqill and the sources of the phonological tradition. The research data consisting of comments and concepts related to the conception of sound were evaluated by taking into account its place in the disciplinary tradition. As a basis for the evaluation of the research data, the Arabic phonological tradition and the content of the science of tajweed were also discussed. The field of Arabic Phonology has not emerged as an independent discipline in history, but it has formed a tradition with a highly developed acquis and intersecting multiple disciplines. One of the main disciplines shouldering the Arabic phonology tradition is the science of tajweed. Since it is closely related to the performance of recitation, its treatment of speech sounds has been practical and therefore more likely to be influenced by natural sciences. As a tajweed work, Juhd al-muqill is a work that produced some innovations in the tajweed literature. The fact that some of the innovations are related to the conception of sound, makes it a suitable example for researching the influence of natural sciences. As a matter of fact, Juhd al-muqill used one of the works of natural sciences as a direct reference and, in one case, was directly influenced by it. In order to investigate the influences in the book in general and to reveal the implicit influences, two points were focussed on. These are the interpretations reflecting the conception of sound and the terms used. The duration of sound production is one of the issues related to the concept of sound. Unlike other tajweed works, sound production durations are graded in Juhd al-muqill. It is very clear that the duration degrees are transferred from the natural sciences. On the other hand, the vowel-consonant distinction, which is the main sound classification of natural sciences, and the results of this distinction are not clear in Juhd al-muqill. However, the influence of natural sciences on the vowel-consonant distinction is felt in the use of concepts, even if it is not expressed in words. The sound-breath distinction, which is inherited from the tajweed literature and thought to have emerged under the influence of natural sciences, is also clearly used in Juhd al-muqill. In summary, it has been observed that the duration of sound production, is indisputably transferred from natural sciences, and the influence of natural sciences is implicit or indirect in the distinction between vowel-consonant and sound-breath. The influence of natural sciences is also seen in the terms expressing the features of sound. The first of these terms is the instantaneous-durational ânî-zamânî term binary. Juhd al-muqill is the first tajweed work in which these two terms are used. In the work, these terms were not only transferred but also reconciled with the plosive-non-plosive şidda-rikhwa binary. In the book, where we cannot explicitly see the distinction between vowel and consonant, it is noteworthy that the naming of the long vowels wâw and yâ is meticulous. The author was very careful in using the terms al-wâwul-maddiyya and al-yâul-maddiyya. It seems that the author is aware of the vowel-consonant distinction, but he consciously avoided the terms sâmit-musawwit consonant-vowel used by the natural scientists. This led him to use the name haraka for short vowels and the name of the letter combined with the adjective maddiyya for long vowels, instead of using a term combining long and short vowels. Hence, the most striking finding of the study is that the vowel-consonant distinction and related terms, which were the basic distinction in natural sciences, are not used in Juhd al-muqill.

 Bu çalışmada Arapça sesbilim geleneğinin tabiî ilimlerden etkilenmesi bir geç dönem tecvit kitabı olan Cühdül-mukill özelinde araştırılmıştır. Sesbilim, konuşma seslerini dilbilim konusu olarak inceleyen alandır. Konuşma sesleri belirli bir dilin teamüllerini yansıtması bakımından dil ilimlerinin; fiziki tabiatı bakımından ise tabiî ilimlerin konusu olabilmektedir. Seslerin bu yönü göz önüne alındığında, iki alanın birbirini etkilemesi mümkün görünmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, araştırmamızda geçmişe dönük varsayılan bu etki doküman analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Tabiiyyât müktesebatının Arapça sesbilim geleneğine etkisi; ses olgusuna ilişkin tasavvurda veya kavramlarda kendini göstereceğinden söz konusu iki husus araştırmanın odağını teşkil etmiştir. Cühdül-mukill öncesi tabiiyyât kaynakları ile sesbilim geleneğinin kaynaklarında yer alan konuşma seslerine ilişkin bahisler ise çalışmanın evrenini oluşturmaktadır. Ses tasavvuruna ilişkin yorum ve kavramlardan oluşan araştırma verileri, disiplin geleneğindeki yeri dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma verilerinin değerlendirilmesine zemin olan iki hususa da temas edilmiştir, bunlar: Arapça sesbilim geleneği ve tecvit ilminin içeriğidir. Arapça Sesbilim alanı, tarihte müstakil bir disiplin olarak ortaya çıkmamıştır ancak oldukça gelişmiş bir müktesebatı olan ve birden fazla disiplinin kesiştiği bir gelenek meydana getirmiştir. Arapça sesbilim geleneğini omuzlayan başlıca disiplinlerden biri tecvit ilmidir. Tecvit konularının tamamına yakını konuşma sesleri ve bu seslerin niteliklerini irdeleyen bahislerdir. Tilavet icrasıyla yakından ilgili olması hasebiyle de konuşma seslerini ele alışı uygulamaya dönük olmuştur ve bu nedenle tabiî ilimlerden etkilenme olasılığı daha yüksektir. Bir tecvit eseri olan Cühdül-mukill, tecvit literatüründe birtakım yenilikler üretmiş bir eserdir. Yeniliklerin bir kısmının ses tasavvuruna ilişkin olması onu tabiiyyâtın etkisini araştırmaya elverişli bir örnek yapmıştır. Nitekim Cühdül-mukill, tabiiyyât konusunu ele alan eserlerden olan Şerhul-mevâkifi referansları arasına almış, dahası bazı ses olaylarını açıklama konusunda doğrudan etkilenmiştir. Eserin genelindeki etkilenme durumunu araştırmak ve örtük etkilenmeleri ortaya çıkarmak üzere iki noktaya odaklanılmıştır. Bunalar ses tasavvurunu yansıtan yorumlar ve kullanılan kavramlardır. Ses tasavvuruyla bağlantılı hususların başında ses üretim süreleri gelmektedir. Diğer tecvit eserlerinden farklı olarak Cühdül-mukillde ses üretim süreleri derecelendirilmiştir. Eserde yer verilen ses dereceleri çok açık bir şekilde tabiiyyâttan transfer edilmiştir. Buna mukabil tabiiyyâtın başlıca ses tasnifi olan ünlü-ünsüz ayrımı ve bu ayrımın sonuçları Cühdül-mukillde net değildir. Şu var ki ünlü-ünsüz ayrımı konusunda tabiiyyâtın etkisi kelimelere dökülmemiş olsa da kavramların kullanılmasında hissedilmektedir. Tecvit literatüründen miras alınan ve tabiiyyâtın etkisiyle ortaya çıktığı düşünülen ses-nefes ayrımı da Cühdül-mukillde açıkça kullanılmaktadır. Özetle ses olgusuna ilişkin tasavvurları yansıtan ses üretim süresinin tartışmasız olarak tabiiyyâttan transfer edildiği, ünlü-ünsüz ve ses-nefes ayrımında ise tabiiyyât etkisinin örtük veya dolaylı olduğu görülmüştür. Eserde tabiiyyâttın etkisi ses niteliklerini ifade eden terimlerde de görülmektedir. Bu terimlerin başında ânî-zamânî ikilisi gelmektedir. Ses üretim süresiyle ilgili olan bu iki terimin kullanıldığı ilk tecvit eseridir Cühdül-mukill. Eserde söz konusu terimler sadece transfer edilmemiş aynı zamanda tecvit müktesebatındaki şiddet-rihvet ikilisiyle de uzlaştırılmıştır. Ünlü-ünsüz ayrımını açıkça göremediğimiz eserde uzun ünlülerden vâv ve yâ seslerinin isimlendirilmesinde titiz davranıldığı dikkat çekmektedir. Eserde bu iki ses, itinayla, vâv-ı meddiyye ve yâ-ı meddiyye terimleriyle ifade edilmiştir. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki yazar ünlü-ünsüz ayrımına vakıftır ancak bilinçli bir şekilde tabiiyyâtın kullandığı sâmit-musavvit terimlerinden kaçınmıştır. Neticede uzun ve kısa ünlüleri ünlü olma ortak paydasında birleştiren bir kavram kullanmak yerine kısalara hareke, uzun olanlara ise med sıfatıyla birlikte birleşik bir ad tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın en dikkat çekici bulgusu, tabiiyyâtın önemsediği ünlü-ünsüz ayrımı ve bunları ifade eden sâmit-musavvit terimlerinin Cühdül-mukillde kullanılmamış olmasıdır.

 In this study, the influence of natural sciences on Arabic phonology tradition is investigated in the case of a late tajweed book, Juhd al-muqill. Phonology is a field that analyses speech sounds as a subject of linguistics. Speech sounds can be the subject of linguistic sciences in terms of reflecting the customs of a particular language, and of natural sciences in terms of their physical nature. Considering this aspect of sounds, it seems possible for the two fields to influence each other. Accordingly, our research analysed this hypothesised retrospective effect through document analysis. Since the influence of the natural sciences on the Arabic phonological tradition is manifested in the conception of sound or in the terms used, these two issues constitute the focus of the research. The universe of the research is the sources of natural sciences before Juhd al-muqill and the sources of the phonological tradition. The research data consisting of comments and concepts related to the conception of sound were evaluated by taking into account its place in the disciplinary tradition. As a basis for the evaluation of the research data, the Arabic phonological tradition and the content of the science of tajweed were also discussed. The field of Arabic Phonology has not emerged as an independent discipline in history, but it has formed a tradition with a highly developed acquis and intersecting multiple disciplines. One of the main disciplines shouldering the Arabic phonology tradition is the science of tajweed. Since it is closely related to the performance of recitation, its treatment of speech sounds has been practical and therefore more likely to be influenced by natural sciences. As a tajweed work, Juhd al-muqill is a work that produced some innovations in the tajweed literature. The fact that some of the innovations are related to the conception of sound, makes it a suitable example for researching the influence of natural sciences. As a matter of fact, Juhd al-muqill used one of the works of natural sciences as a direct reference and, in one case, was directly influenced by it. In order to investigate the influences in the book in general and to reveal the implicit influences, two points were focussed on. These are the interpretations reflecting the conception of sound and the terms used. The duration of sound production is one of the issues related to the concept of sound. Unlike other tajweed works, sound production durations are graded in Juhd al-muqill. It is very clear that the duration degrees are transferred from the natural sciences. On the other hand, the vowel-consonant distinction, which is the main sound classification of natural sciences, and the results of this distinction are not clear in Juhd al-muqill. However, the influence of natural sciences on the vowel-consonant distinction is felt in the use of concepts, even if it is not expressed in words. The sound-breath distinction, which is inherited from the tajweed literature and thought to have emerged under the influence of natural sciences, is also clearly used in Juhd al-muqill. In summary, it has been observed that the duration of sound production, is indisputably transferred from natural sciences, and the influence of natural sciences is implicit or indirect in the distinction between vowel-consonant and sound-breath. The influence of natural sciences is also seen in the terms expressing the features of sound. The first of these terms is the instantaneous-durational ânî-zamânî term binary. Juhd al-muqill is the first tajweed work in which these two terms are used. In the work, these terms were not only transferred but also reconciled with the plosive-non-plosive şidda-rikhwa binary. In the book, where we cannot explicitly see the distinction between vowel and consonant, it is noteworthy that the naming of the long vowels wâw and yâ is meticulous. The author was very careful in using the terms al-wâwul-maddiyya and al-yâul-maddiyya. It seems that the author is aware of the vowel-consonant distinction, but he consciously avoided the terms sâmit-musawwit consonant-vowel used by the natural scientists. This led him to use the name haraka for short vowels and the name of the letter combined with the adjective maddiyya for long vowels, instead of using a term combining long and short vowels. Hence, the most striking finding of the study is that the vowel-consonant distinction and related terms, which were the basic distinction in natural sciences, are not used in Juhd al-muqill.

 In this study, the influence of natural sciences on Arabic phonology tradition is investigated in the case of a late tajweed book, Juhd al-muqill. Phonology is a field that analyses speech sounds as a subject of linguistics. Speech sounds can be the subject of linguistic sciences in terms of reflecting the customs of a particular language, and of natural sciences in terms of their physical nature. Considering this aspect of sounds, it seems possible for the two fields to influence each other. Accordingly, our research analysed this hypothesised retrospective effect through document analysis. Since the influence of the natural sciences on the Arabic phonological tradition is manifested in the conception of sound or in the terms used, these two issues constitute the focus of the research. The universe of the research is the sources of natural sciences before Juhd al-muqill and the sources of the phonological tradition. The research data consisting of comments and concepts related to the conception of sound were evaluated by taking into account its place in the disciplinary tradition. As a basis for the evaluation of the research data, the Arabic phonological tradition and the content of the science of tajweed were also discussed. The field of Arabic Phonology has not emerged as an independent discipline in history, but it has formed a tradition with a highly developed acquis and intersecting multiple disciplines. One of the main disciplines shouldering the Arabic phonology tradition is the science of tajweed. Since it is closely related to the performance of recitation, its treatment of speech sounds has been practical and therefore more likely to be influenced by natural sciences. As a tajweed work, Juhd al-muqill is a work that produced some innovations in the tajweed literature. The fact that some of the innovations are related to the conception of sound, makes it a suitable example for researching the influence of natural sciences. As a matter of fact, Juhd al-muqill used one of the works of natural sciences as a direct reference and, in one case, was directly influenced by it. In order to investigate the influences in the book in general and to reveal the implicit influences, two points were focussed on. These are the interpretations reflecting the conception of sound and the terms used. The duration of sound production is one of the issues related to the concept of sound. Unlike other tajweed works, sound production durations are graded in Juhd al-muqill. It is very clear that the duration degrees are transferred from the natural sciences. On the other hand, the vowel-consonant distinction, which is the main sound classification of natural sciences, and the results of this distinction are not clear in Juhd al-muqill. However, the influence of natural sciences on the vowel-consonant distinction is felt in the use of concepts, even if it is not expressed in words. The sound-breath distinction, which is inherited from the tajweed literature and thought to have emerged under the influence of natural sciences, is also clearly used in Juhd al-muqill. In summary, it has been observed that the duration of sound production, is indisputably transferred from natural sciences, and the influence of natural sciences is implicit or indirect in the distinction between vowel-consonant and sound-breath. The influence of natural sciences is also seen in the terms expressing the features of sound. The first of these terms is the instantaneous-durational ânî-zamânî term binary. Juhd al-muqill is the first tajweed work in which these two terms are used. In the work, these terms were not only transferred but also reconciled with the plosive-non-plosive şidda-rikhwa binary. In the book, where we cannot explicitly see the distinction between vowel and consonant, it is noteworthy that the naming of the long vowels wâw and yâ is meticulous. The author was very careful in using the terms al-wâwul-maddiyya and al-yâul-maddiyya. It seems that the author is aware of the vowel-consonant distinction, but he consciously avoided the terms sâmit-musawwit consonant-vowel used by the natural scientists. This led him to use the name haraka for short vowels and the name of the letter combined with the adjective maddiyya for long vowels, instead of using a term combining long and short vowels. Hence, the most striking finding of the study is that the vowel-consonant distinction and related terms, which were the basic distinction in natural sciences, are not used in Juhd al-muqill.

Article Details

The Influence of Natural Sciences on Arabic Phonological Tradition: The Case of Juhd al-muqill

Authors:

Nazife Nihal İnce

Publisher:

Hitit University

Main Topics:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Journal:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.520-537

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001322092

pISSN:

2757-6949

Arabic

Phonology

Natural Sciences

Tajweed

Juhd al-muqillArapça

Sesbilim

Tabiî İlim

Tecvit

Cühdü’l-mukill

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Nazife Nihal İnce

Publisher: Hitit University

Main Topics: Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Journal: Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.520-537

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 6/2024

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001322092

pISSN: 2757-6949

Issues

Authors:

Nazife Nihal İnce

Publisher:

Hitit University

Main Topics:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Journal:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.520-537

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001322092

pISSN:

2757-6949