Immunomodulator activity of nanosuspension of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leaf extract in Balb/c mice

Vita Olivia Siregar; Rachmat Mauludın; Maria Immaculata Iwo

Article Details

Immunomodulator activity of nanosuspension of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leaf extract in Balb/c mice

Authors:

Vita Olivia Siregar | Rachmat Mauludın | Maria Immaculata Iwo

Publisher:

Marmara University

Main Topics:

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal:

Journal of Research in Pharmacy Vol.29 Issue 3, pp.1028-1037

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

4/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001344606

pISSN:

2630-6344

Keywords:

Abstract:

 This study intends to examine the immunomodulatory effects of cocoa Theobroma cacao L. leaves in vivo in mice using two types of comparison between the crude extract form and the nanosuspension form. Cocoa leaf extract is made from young leaves YL and old leaves OL, where the extraction of active compounds from cocoa leaves was carried out by maceration using 96 ethanol. YL and OL in crude extract and nanosuspensions were tested for their immunomodulatory effects in vivo in BALBc mice through tests against nonspecific and specific immune responses. Tests for nonspecific immune responses include carbon clearance tests, organ index determination, and testing against specific immune responses, including measurement of antibody titers as humoral immune responses and cytokine levels as a cellular immune response. Results showed that the three doses of OL and YL extract i.e., 50,100,200 mgkg BW, both in crude form extract and nanosuspensions, had immunosuppressive effects characterized by phagocytic index 1. YL and OL have the same immunosuppressive effect. Extract in nanosuspensions show a more substantial immunosuppressive effect than crude extract. In testing against specific immune responses, all three doses of extract in both crude form extract and nanosuspension inhibited antibody, IFN-γ, and IL-2 formation. Based on those results, it can be concluded that all three doses of YLOL in both crude and nanosuspension forms are immunosuppressive.

 This study intends to examine the immunomodulatory effects of cocoa Theobroma cacao L. leaves in vivo in mice using two types of comparison between the crude extract form and the nanosuspension form. Cocoa leaf extract is made from young leaves YL and old leaves OL, where the extraction of active compounds from cocoa leaves was carried out by maceration using 96 ethanol. YL and OL in crude extract and nanosuspensions were tested for their immunomodulatory effects in vivo in BALBc mice through tests against nonspecific and specific immune responses. Tests for nonspecific immune responses include carbon clearance tests, organ index determination, and testing against specific immune responses, including measurement of antibody titers as humoral immune responses and cytokine levels as a cellular immune response. Results showed that the three doses of OL and YL extract i.e., 50,100,200 mgkg BW, both in crude form extract and nanosuspensions, had immunosuppressive effects characterized by phagocytic index 1. YL and OL have the same immunosuppressive effect. Extract in nanosuspensions show a more substantial immunosuppressive effect than crude extract. In testing against specific immune responses, all three doses of extract in both crude form extract and nanosuspension inhibited antibody, IFN-γ, and IL-2 formation. Based on those results, it can be concluded that all three doses of YLOL in both crude and nanosuspension forms are immunosuppressive.

 This study intends to examine the immunomodulatory effects of cocoa Theobroma cacao L. leaves in vivo in mice using two types of comparison between the crude extract form and the nanosuspension form. Cocoa leaf extract is made from young leaves YL and old leaves OL, where the extraction of active compounds from cocoa leaves was carried out by maceration using 96 ethanol. YL and OL in crude extract and nanosuspensions were tested for their immunomodulatory effects in vivo in BALBc mice through tests against nonspecific and specific immune responses. Tests for nonspecific immune responses include carbon clearance tests, organ index determination, and testing against specific immune responses, including measurement of antibody titers as humoral immune responses and cytokine levels as a cellular immune response. Results showed that the three doses of OL and YL extract i.e., 50,100,200 mgkg BW, both in crude form extract and nanosuspensions, had immunosuppressive effects characterized by phagocytic index 1. YL and OL have the same immunosuppressive effect. Extract in nanosuspensions show a more substantial immunosuppressive effect than crude extract. In testing against specific immune responses, all three doses of extract in both crude form extract and nanosuspension inhibited antibody, IFN-γ, and IL-2 formation. Based on those results, it can be concluded that all three doses of YLOL in both crude and nanosuspension forms are immunosuppressive.

 This study intends to examine the immunomodulatory effects of cocoa Theobroma cacao L. leaves in vivo in mice using two types of comparison between the crude extract form and the nanosuspension form. Cocoa leaf extract is made from young leaves YL and old leaves OL, where the extraction of active compounds from cocoa leaves was carried out by maceration using 96 ethanol. YL and OL in crude extract and nanosuspensions were tested for their immunomodulatory effects in vivo in BALBc mice through tests against nonspecific and specific immune responses. Tests for nonspecific immune responses include carbon clearance tests, organ index determination, and testing against specific immune responses, including measurement of antibody titers as humoral immune responses and cytokine levels as a cellular immune response. Results showed that the three doses of OL and YL extract i.e., 50,100,200 mgkg BW, both in crude form extract and nanosuspensions, had immunosuppressive effects characterized by phagocytic index 1. YL and OL have the same immunosuppressive effect. Extract in nanosuspensions show a more substantial immunosuppressive effect than crude extract. In testing against specific immune responses, all three doses of extract in both crude form extract and nanosuspension inhibited antibody, IFN-γ, and IL-2 formation. Based on those results, it can be concluded that all three doses of YLOL in both crude and nanosuspension forms are immunosuppressive.

Article Details

Immunomodulator activity of nanosuspension of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leaf extract in Balb/c mice

Authors:

Vita Olivia Siregar | Rachmat Mauludın | Maria Immaculata Iwo

Publisher:

Marmara University

Main Topics:

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal:

Journal of Research in Pharmacy Vol.29 Issue 3, pp.1028-1037

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

4/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001344606

pISSN:

2630-6344

Cocoa leaf extract

young leaves

old leaves

nanosuspension

immunomodulator activity

Issues

Article Details

Immunomodulator activity of nanosuspension of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leaf extract in Balb/c mice

Authors: Vita Olivia Siregar | Rachmat Mauludın | Maria Immaculata Iwo

Publisher: Marmara University

Main Topics: Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal: Journal of Research in Pharmacy Vol.29 Issue 3, pp.1028-1037

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 4/2025

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001344606

pISSN: 2630-6344

Cocoa leaf extract

young leaves

old leaves

nanosuspension

immunomodulator activity

Issues

Authors:

Vita Olivia Siregar | Rachmat Mauludın | Maria Immaculata Iwo

Publisher:

Marmara University

Main Topics:

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal:

Journal of Research in Pharmacy Vol.29 Issue 3, pp.1028-1037

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

4/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001344606

pISSN:

2630-6344