“Whether you make known what is in your souls or hide it, Allah will bring you to account for them.” (al-Baqara 2: 284) Ishkāl in the Meaning

Mukadder Arif Yüksel

Article Details

“Whether you make known what is in your souls or hide it, Allah will bring you to account for them.” (al-Baqara 2: 284) Ishkāl in the Meaning

Authors:

Mukadder Arif Yüksel

Publisher:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Main Topics:

Tefsir

Journal:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.485-502

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001307891

pISSN:

2717-610X

Keywords:

Abstract:

 The verses of the Holy Qurān are mostly clear in terms of meaning mubīn, but since some of the verses are mucmāl, concise, mubhām and mutashsābih it is difficult to understand them due to the illusion of contradiction and this issue is examined by the mushkīl al-Qurān. Assumed difficulty in understanding some verses is for those who read them and try to understand them. Commentators have tried to clarify the difficult verses, which can only be understood after a detailed examination, through tafsīr and interpretation by making use of other verses with similar meanings, the ulūm al-Qurān, ḥadīths, dictionaries, Arabic language and rhetoric, and pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. One of the verses, the meaning of which is disputed and understood with meticulous study Whether you make known what is in your souls or hide it, Allah will bring you to account for them. al-Baqara 2: 284 It is the verse in the meaning. Various discussions have been held among commentators on the relationship of the verse in question with the verses before and after it, the reason for its revelation, whether it is abrogated or not, and the question of being held accountable for feelings and thoughts that do not turn into reality. In the interpretation sources, there are those who say that this verse is about hiding the testimony within the scope of the previous verse, and that the ruling of this verse is abolished by the following verse meaning Allah does not burden anyone with something beyond their ability al-Baqara 2:286. It has been said that it is not the subject of abrogation, that the meaning is general and includes everything that people keep within themselves. al-Ṭabarī d. 310923, İbn ʿĀshūr d. 1979 and a few commentators have said that this verse is about those who hide their testimony. The majority of commentators, especially al-Rāzī d. 6061210, al-Qurṭubī d. 6711273, al-Māturīdī d. 333944, stated that everything that people hide inside themselves is meant in the verse. Muqātīl b. Sulaymān d. 150767, Ibn Kathīr d. 7741373 and Shawqānī d. 12501834 expressed their opinions that the 286th verse and the 284th verse of the Baqara Sūra were abrogated, but the majority of the commentators stated that the abrogation was only made on matters that were decreed. Commentators have stated that abrogation is valid in the field of orders and prohibitions, but abrogation is not made on verses that report an event, therefore this verse is not abrogated. It has also been said that this verse is about those who secretly sympathize with the infidels. Due to these conflicting views, the verse has become difficult to understand and a difficult situation has arisen for the reader. In this study, we wanted to clarify the verse we are focusing on and to eliminate the assumed confusion by compiling all the narrations and hadiths related to the subject in the tafsīr sources, through analysis, criticism, synthesis and interpretation methods. Explaining the verses that are difficult to understand in superficial readings and that create question marks in minds is important in order not to give an opportunity to those who look for flaws in the Qurān and to prevent doubts in those with weak faith. In our analysis, it is seen that the things that the people mentioned in the verse will be held accountable for hiding inside themselves even though they did not actually do it, include concealing testimony, all superstitious beliefs, bad decisions and intentions that they will make when they get the opportunity. On the other hand, feelings, thoughts and desires with religious, legal and moral value that have reached the stage of decision and intention, feelings of unnecessary grudge, envy, hatred, suspicion and hostility towards a Muslim, illegitimate acts that are actually committed but hidden from others. It has been understood that the bad feelings that occur momentarily in a person are not within the scope of those who will be held accountable. Nowadays, illegal or unethical conversations are taking place on social media channels. Even though these conversations are confidential, they are considered to be real because they are made between two or more people. Although not everyone knows the secret conversations, Allah does. Therefore, it is possible to say that people will be held responsible for their secret conversations and plans within the scope of this verse. It can be said that the verse in question aims to protect people by keeping them away from illegitimate and negative thoughts.

 Kuran-ı Kerîmin ayetleri anlam yönünden çoğunlukla açıktır mübîn fakat bazı ayetlerinin mücmel, mûciz, mübhem ve müteşâbih olması sebebiyle çelişki vehmi ve anlama güçlüğüyle karşılaşılmakta ve bu hususu müşkilül-Kurân ilmi incelemektedir. Bazı ayetlerde varsayılan müşkilât, onu okuyan ve anlamaya çalışan açısındandır. Müfessirler, ancak detaylı bir inceleme sonucu anlaşılabilen müşkil ayetleri, benzer anlamlı diğer ayetlerden, ulûmul-Kurandan, hadislerden, lügatlerden, Arap dili ve belâğatından, cahiliye dönemi Arap şiirinden yararlanarak tefsir ve tevîl yoluyla açıklığa kavuşturmaya çalışmışlardır. Anlamı üzerinde ihtilaf edilen ve titiz bir çalışma ile anlaşılan ayetlerden biri de İçinizdekini gizleseniz de açığa vursanız da Allah sizi onunla hesaba çekecektir. el-Bakara 2284 meâlindeki ayettir. Söz konusu ayetin, kendisinden önce ve sonra gelen ayetlerle ilişkisi, sebeb-i nüzûlü, mensuh olup olmadığı ve fiiliyata dönüşmeyen duygu ve düşüncelerin hesabının sorulacak olması hususlarında müfessirler arasında çeşitli tartışmalar yapılmıştır. Tefsir kaynaklarında bu ayetin, önceki ayet bağlamında şahitliğin gizlenmesiyle ilgili olduğu, devamında yer alan Allah hiç kimseyi gücünün yetmeyeceği bir şeyle yükümlü kılmaz. el-Bakara 2286 meâlindeki ayetle mensuh olduğunu söyleyenler olduğu gibi, ayetin muhkem olduğu, neshin konusu olmadığı, anlamın umumi olduğu ve insanların içinde sakladığı her şeye şamil olduğu yönünde farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Taberî ö. 310923 İbn Âşûr ö. 1979 vd. az sayıda müfessir bu ayetin şahitliği gizleyenler hakkında olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Râzî ö. 6061210, Kurtubî ö. 6711273, Mâtürîdî ö. 333944 başta olmak üzere müfessirlerin çoğunluğu ayette, insanların içinde gizlediği her şeyin kastedildiğini belirtmişlerdir. Mukâtil b. Süleymân ö. 150767, İbn Kesir ö. 7741373 ve Şevkânî ö. 12501834, Bakara sûresi 286. ayetle 284. ayetin nesh edildiği yönünde görüş bildirmişlerdir. Ancak müfessirlerin çoğunluğu neshin ancak hüküm ifade eden emir ve nehiylerde olabileceğini, ihbarî ayetlerde neshin söz konusu olamayacağını, dolayısıyla bu ayetin mensuh olmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Bu ayetin, kâfirlere karşı gizli muhabbet besleyenler hakkında olduğu da söylenmiştir. Bu ihtilaflı görüşler sebebiyle ayetin anlaşılması zorlaşmış ve okuyan açısından müşkil bir durum ortaya çıkmıştır. Biz bu çalışmada, tefsir kaynaklarında konuyla ilgili nakledilen bütün rivâyetleri ve hadisleri derleyerek analiz, kritik, sentez ve yorumlama yöntemlerini kullanarak üzerinde durduğumuz ayeti vuzuha kavuşturmak ve varsayılan müşkili ortadan kaldırmak istedik. Yüzeysel okumalarda zor anlaşılan ve zihinlerde soru işareti oluşturan ayetlerin açıklanması, Kuranda açık arayanlara fırsat verilmemesi, inancı zayıf olanlarda da şüphe oluşmaması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Yaptığımız incelemede, ayette bahsi geçen insanların fiilen yapmadığı halde hesabı sorulacak olan gizli şeylerin, şahitliğin gizlenmesi dâhil bütün batıl inançlar, fırsat olması halinde uygulamaya konulacak olan kötü karar ve niyetler, karar ve niyet aşamasına gelmiş dinî, hukukî ve ahlaki değer ifade eden duygu, düşünce ve arzular, bir Müslümana karşı duyulan ve meşru bir gerekçeye dayanmayan kin, haset, nefret, su-i zan ve düşmanlık duyguları fiilen işlenmiş olmakla birlikte başkalarından gizlenen gayr-i meşru işler olduğu, anlık vesveselerin, karar ve niyet aşamasına gelmemiş olan kötü düşüncelerin ise hesabı sorulacaklar kapsamında olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Söz konusu ayetin, insanları gayr-i meşru ve menfi düşüncelerden uzaklaştırarak onları koruma amacına matuf olduğu söylenebilir.

 The verses of the Holy Qurān are mostly clear in terms of meaning mubīn, but since some of the verses are mucmāl, concise, mubhām and mutashsābih it is difficult to understand them due to the illusion of contradiction and this issue is examined by the mushkīl al-Qurān. Assumed difficulty in understanding some verses is for those who read them and try to understand them. Commentators have tried to clarify the difficult verses, which can only be understood after a detailed examination, through tafsīr and interpretation by making use of other verses with similar meanings, the ulūm al-Qurān, ḥadīths, dictionaries, Arabic language and rhetoric, and pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. One of the verses, the meaning of which is disputed and understood with meticulous study Whether you make known what is in your souls or hide it, Allah will bring you to account for them. al-Baqara 2: 284 It is the verse in the meaning. Various discussions have been held among commentators on the relationship of the verse in question with the verses before and after it, the reason for its revelation, whether it is abrogated or not, and the question of being held accountable for feelings and thoughts that do not turn into reality. In the interpretation sources, there are those who say that this verse is about hiding the testimony within the scope of the previous verse, and that the ruling of this verse is abolished by the following verse meaning Allah does not burden anyone with something beyond their ability al-Baqara 2:286. It has been said that it is not the subject of abrogation, that the meaning is general and includes everything that people keep within themselves. al-Ṭabarī d. 310923, İbn ʿĀshūr d. 1979 and a few commentators have said that this verse is about those who hide their testimony. The majority of commentators, especially al-Rāzī d. 6061210, al-Qurṭubī d. 6711273, al-Māturīdī d. 333944, stated that everything that people hide inside themselves is meant in the verse. Muqātīl b. Sulaymān d. 150767, Ibn Kathīr d. 7741373 and Shawqānī d. 12501834 expressed their opinions that the 286th verse and the 284th verse of the Baqara Sūra were abrogated, but the majority of the commentators stated that the abrogation was only made on matters that were decreed. Commentators have stated that abrogation is valid in the field of orders and prohibitions, but abrogation is not made on verses that report an event, therefore this verse is not abrogated. It has also been said that this verse is about those who secretly sympathize with the infidels. Due to these conflicting views, the verse has become difficult to understand and a difficult situation has arisen for the reader. In this study, we wanted to clarify the verse we are focusing on and to eliminate the assumed confusion by compiling all the narrations and hadiths related to the subject in the tafsīr sources, through analysis, criticism, synthesis and interpretation methods. Explaining the verses that are difficult to understand in superficial readings and that create question marks in minds is important in order not to give an opportunity to those who look for flaws in the Qurān and to prevent doubts in those with weak faith. In our analysis, it is seen that the things that the people mentioned in the verse will be held accountable for hiding inside themselves even though they did not actually do it, include concealing testimony, all superstitious beliefs, bad decisions and intentions that they will make when they get the opportunity. On the other hand, feelings, thoughts and desires with religious, legal and moral value that have reached the stage of decision and intention, feelings of unnecessary grudge, envy, hatred, suspicion and hostility towards a Muslim, illegitimate acts that are actually committed but hidden from others. It has been understood that the bad feelings that occur momentarily in a person are not within the scope of those who will be held accountable. Nowadays, illegal or unethical conversations are taking place on social media channels. Even though these conversations are confidential, they are considered to be real because they are made between two or more people. Although not everyone knows the secret conversations, Allah does. Therefore, it is possible to say that people will be held responsible for their secret conversations and plans within the scope of this verse. It can be said that the verse in question aims to protect people by keeping them away from illegitimate and negative thoughts.

 The verses of the Holy Qurān are mostly clear in terms of meaning mubīn, but since some of the verses are mucmāl, concise, mubhām and mutashsābih it is difficult to understand them due to the illusion of contradiction and this issue is examined by the mushkīl al-Qurān. Assumed difficulty in understanding some verses is for those who read them and try to understand them. Commentators have tried to clarify the difficult verses, which can only be understood after a detailed examination, through tafsīr and interpretation by making use of other verses with similar meanings, the ulūm al-Qurān, ḥadīths, dictionaries, Arabic language and rhetoric, and pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. One of the verses, the meaning of which is disputed and understood with meticulous study Whether you make known what is in your souls or hide it, Allah will bring you to account for them. al-Baqara 2: 284 It is the verse in the meaning. Various discussions have been held among commentators on the relationship of the verse in question with the verses before and after it, the reason for its revelation, whether it is abrogated or not, and the question of being held accountable for feelings and thoughts that do not turn into reality. In the interpretation sources, there are those who say that this verse is about hiding the testimony within the scope of the previous verse, and that the ruling of this verse is abolished by the following verse meaning Allah does not burden anyone with something beyond their ability al-Baqara 2:286. It has been said that it is not the subject of abrogation, that the meaning is general and includes everything that people keep within themselves. al-Ṭabarī d. 310923, İbn ʿĀshūr d. 1979 and a few commentators have said that this verse is about those who hide their testimony. The majority of commentators, especially al-Rāzī d. 6061210, al-Qurṭubī d. 6711273, al-Māturīdī d. 333944, stated that everything that people hide inside themselves is meant in the verse. Muqātīl b. Sulaymān d. 150767, Ibn Kathīr d. 7741373 and Shawqānī d. 12501834 expressed their opinions that the 286th verse and the 284th verse of the Baqara Sūra were abrogated, but the majority of the commentators stated that the abrogation was only made on matters that were decreed. Commentators have stated that abrogation is valid in the field of orders and prohibitions, but abrogation is not made on verses that report an event, therefore this verse is not abrogated. It has also been said that this verse is about those who secretly sympathize with the infidels. Due to these conflicting views, the verse has become difficult to understand and a difficult situation has arisen for the reader. In this study, we wanted to clarify the verse we are focusing on and to eliminate the assumed confusion by compiling all the narrations and hadiths related to the subject in the tafsīr sources, through analysis, criticism, synthesis and interpretation methods. Explaining the verses that are difficult to understand in superficial readings and that create question marks in minds is important in order not to give an opportunity to those who look for flaws in the Qurān and to prevent doubts in those with weak faith. In our analysis, it is seen that the things that the people mentioned in the verse will be held accountable for hiding inside themselves even though they did not actually do it, include concealing testimony, all superstitious beliefs, bad decisions and intentions that they will make when they get the opportunity. On the other hand, feelings, thoughts and desires with religious, legal and moral value that have reached the stage of decision and intention, feelings of unnecessary grudge, envy, hatred, suspicion and hostility towards a Muslim, illegitimate acts that are actually committed but hidden from others. It has been understood that the bad feelings that occur momentarily in a person are not within the scope of those who will be held accountable. Nowadays, illegal or unethical conversations are taking place on social media channels. Even though these conversations are confidential, they are considered to be real because they are made between two or more people. Although not everyone knows the secret conversations, Allah does. Therefore, it is possible to say that people will be held responsible for their secret conversations and plans within the scope of this verse. It can be said that the verse in question aims to protect people by keeping them away from illegitimate and negative thoughts.

Article Details

“Whether you make known what is in your souls or hide it, Allah will bring you to account for them.” (al-Baqara 2: 284) Ishkāl in the Meaning

Authors:

Mukadder Arif Yüksel

Publisher:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Main Topics:

Tefsir

Journal:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.485-502

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001307891

pISSN:

2717-610X

Tafsīr

Qur

Verse

Mushkīl

Calling to AccountTefsir

Kur’ân

Ayet

Müşkil

Hesap sormak.

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Mukadder Arif Yüksel

Publisher: Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Main Topics: Tefsir

Journal: Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.485-502

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 12/2023

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001307891

pISSN: 2717-610X

Issues

Authors:

Mukadder Arif Yüksel

Publisher:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Main Topics:

Tefsir

Journal:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.485-502

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001307891

pISSN:

2717-610X