Disease Duration–Related Shifts in Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abdulghafur Karim Hamadamin; Fakhir Najim K. Sabir

Article Details

Disease Duration–Related Shifts in Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Authors:

Abdulghafur Karim Hamadamin | Fakhir Najim K. Sabir

Publisher:

International University of Erbil

Journal:

Academic Journal of International University of Erbil Vol.3 Issue 3, pp.499-507

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

8/2026

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001930373

pISSN:

3080-7174

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease that is linked to insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. The effect of disease duration on the relationship between such processes has not been fully comprehended. The study was a case-control study with 121 males comprising 40 healthy controls and 81 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with either early diabetes mellitus (EDM) or long-standing diabetes mellitus (LSDM). Glycemic parameters along with fasting insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured with inflammatory parameters (CRP, IL-6), oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde), and antioxidant status (ceruloplasmin). Spearman correlation tests and non-parametric tests were used. Glycemic indices were high in both diabetic groups than the controls and had significant correlation with insulin resistance. Patients with LSDM showed high levels of oxidative stress (P<0.0001) and low levels of ceruloplasmin (P 0.0003) when compared to EDM patients and controls. There was increased IL-6 in LSDM, as compare to EDM. Ceruloplasmin also demonstrated a high inverse relationship with fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Progressive insulin resistance, escalated oxidative stress, and inflammatory activity are linked to the duration of the disease in T2DM. The decreased levels of ceruloplasmin and increased IL-6 in prolonged diabetes underlie dynamic breakdowns in antioxidant defense as well as immune-metabolic regulation in addition to glycemic control.

Article Details

Disease Duration–Related Shifts in Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Authors:

Abdulghafur Karim Hamadamin | Fakhir Najim K. Sabir

Publisher:

International University of Erbil

Journal:

Academic Journal of International University of Erbil Vol.3 Issue 3, pp.499-507

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

8/2026

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001930373

pISSN:

3080-7174

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin Resistance

Interleukin-6

Oxidative Stress

Ceruloplasmin

Issues

Article Details

Disease Duration–Related Shifts in Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Authors: Abdulghafur Karim Hamadamin | Fakhir Najim K. Sabir

Publisher: International University of Erbil

Journal: Academic Journal of International University of Erbil Vol.3 Issue 3, pp.499-507

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 8/2026

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001930373

pISSN: 3080-7174

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin Resistance

Interleukin-6

Oxidative Stress

Ceruloplasmin

Issues

Authors:

Abdulghafur Karim Hamadamin | Fakhir Najim K. Sabir

Publisher:

International University of Erbil

Journal:

Academic Journal of International University of Erbil Vol.3 Issue 3, pp.499-507

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

8/2026

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001930373

pISSN:

3080-7174