Metropolis Aşağı Hamam - Palaestra ve Balneum Kazılarına Ait Pencere Camı Örneklerinde Arkeometrik Analizler

Ali Akın Akyol; Emine Akkuş Koçak

Article Details

Metropolis Aşağı Hamam - Palaestra ve Balneum Kazılarına Ait Pencere Camı Örneklerinde Arkeometrik Analizler

Authors:

Ali Akın Akyol | Emine Akkuş Koçak

Publisher:

Gaziantep University

Main Topics:

Arkeoloji

Journal:

Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.1-14

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

1/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001310451

pISSN:

1303-0094

Keywords:

Abstract:

 The first use of window glass in buildings can only be found in the 1st century AD during the Roman period. It is known that window glass was mostly used in the caldariums, which are the warm rooms of the baths, and in the residences of the period during the Roman Imperial Period. In this study, window glass samples from the Late Roman period, obtained from the Metropolis Lower Bath Palaestra and balneum excavations, were examined archeometrically. The samples were cataloged, photographed and documented. Their physical properties and production technologies were tried to be determined by microscopic studies. The chemical structure of the glasses was determined by PED-XRF analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was understood that the glasses were of the sodalime glass type, which constitutes the most examples of the period. The high SiO2 contents of the samples indicate that both the mechanical resistance and durability and the melting temperature of the glasses are high. While the window panes of the Lower Bath-Palaestra were cylindrical blown, those found in balneum were produced by casting technique. It was understood that plant ash was added to the glasses with its high K2O content. Colorants in glass samples are Fe, Mn, Cu and Pb. In addition, it was observed that Sb was added to the structure of most of the samples as a decolorizer. The similarity of Al2O3 andor SiO2 ratios, one of the main raw materials of glass, indicates that the raw materials comes from the same sources. In the light of the Sr and Zr contents of the samples, it is possible to say that mostly marine origin sand source was used in the production of all the glasses of the sample set.

 The first use of window glass in buildings can only be found in the 1st century AD during the Roman period. It is known that window glass was mostly used in the caldariums, which are the warm rooms of the baths, and in the residences of the period during the Roman Imperial Period. In this study, window glass samples from the Late Roman period, obtained from the Metropolis Lower Bath Palaestra and balneum excavations, were examined archeometrically. The samples were cataloged, photographed and documented. Their physical properties and production technologies were tried to be determined by microscopic studies. The chemical structure of the glasses was determined by PED-XRF analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was understood that the glasses were of the sodalime glass type, which constitutes the most examples of the period. The high SiO2 contents of the samples indicate that both the mechanical resistance and durability and the melting temperature of the glasses are high. While the window panes of the Lower Bath-Palaestra were cylindrical blown, those found in balneum were produced by casting technique. It was understood that plant ash was added to the glasses with its high K2O content. Colorants in glass samples are Fe, Mn, Cu and Pb. In addition, it was observed that Sb was added to the structure of most of the samples as a decolorizer. The similarity of Al2O3 andor SiO2 ratios, one of the main raw materials of glass, indicates that the raw materials comes from the same sources. In the light of the Sr and Zr contents of the samples, it is possible to say that mostly marine origin sand source was used in the production of all the glasses of the sample set.

 The first use of window glass in buildings can only be found in the 1st century AD during the Roman period. It is known that window glass was mostly used in the caldariums, which are the warm rooms of the baths, and in the residences of the period during the Roman Imperial Period. In this study, window glass samples from the Late Roman period, obtained from the Metropolis Lower Bath Palaestra and balneum excavations, were examined archeometrically. The samples were cataloged, photographed and documented. Their physical properties and production technologies were tried to be determined by microscopic studies. The chemical structure of the glasses was determined by PED-XRF analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was understood that the glasses were of the sodalime glass type, which constitutes the most examples of the period. The high SiO2 contents of the samples indicate that both the mechanical resistance and durability and the melting temperature of the glasses are high. While the window panes of the Lower Bath-Palaestra were cylindrical blown, those found in balneum were produced by casting technique. It was understood that plant ash was added to the glasses with its high K2O content. Colorants in glass samples are Fe, Mn, Cu and Pb. In addition, it was observed that Sb was added to the structure of most of the samples as a decolorizer. The similarity of Al2O3 andor SiO2 ratios, one of the main raw materials of glass, indicates that the raw materials comes from the same sources. In the light of the Sr and Zr contents of the samples, it is possible to say that mostly marine origin sand source was used in the production of all the glasses of the sample set.

 Camın üretimi ve kullanımı antik çağlardan itibaren gerçekleşse de yapı malzemesi olarak kullanımı ancak Roma dönemine denk düşmektedir. Dönemin pencere olarak kullanılan açıklıkların cam levhalar kullanılarak kapatılmasına M.S. 1. yüzyılda ilk defa rastlanmaktadır. Roma İmparatorluk Döneminde pencere camının yoğunlukla hamam yapılarının sıcak odaları olan caldariumlarda ve dönemin konutlarında kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Metropolis Aşağı Hamam Palaestra ve balneum kazılarından ele geçen Geç Roma dönemine ait pencere camı örnekleri arkeometrik yönden incelenmiştir. Örnekler öncelikle kataloglanıp fotoğraflanarak belgelendikten sonra mikroskop altında incelenerek fiziksel özellikleri ve üretim teknolojileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Camların kimyasal yapısı Polarize Enerji Dağılımlı X-Işını Floresans Spektroskopisi PED-XRF analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda camların, döneminin en fazla örneğini oluşturan sodakireç camı türünde olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Örneklerin yüksek SiO2 içerikleri, camların hem mekanik direnç ve dayanıklılığın hem de ergime sıcaklığının yüksek oluşuna işaret etmektedir. Aşağı Hamam-Palaestra yapısının pencere camları silindir üfleme iken balneumda tespit edilenler döküm tekniğinde üretilmiştir. Yüksek orandaki K2O içeriği ile camlara bitki külünün eklenmiş olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Cam örneklerde renk veren elementler Fe, Mn, Cu ve Pbdir. Ayrıca renksizleştirici olarak Sbnin de örneklerin çoğunluğunun yapısına eklendiği görülmüştür. Camların yapımında safsızlık olarak camın yapısına taşınan hammaddelerden biri olan Al2O3 oranlarının örneklerde benzerliği, kullanılan kum veveya kuvarsın SiO2 aynı kaynaktan geldiğine işaret etmektedir. Örneklerin Sr ve Zr içeriklerinin ışığında, örnek setine ait camların tümünün üretiminde çoğunlukla denizel kökenli kum kaynağının kullanıldığını söylemek mümkündür.

Article Details

Metropolis Aşağı Hamam - Palaestra ve Balneum Kazılarına Ait Pencere Camı Örneklerinde Arkeometrik Analizler

Authors:

Ali Akın Akyol | Emine Akkuş Koçak

Publisher:

Gaziantep University

Main Topics:

Arkeoloji

Journal:

Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.1-14

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

1/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001310451

pISSN:

1303-0094

Archaeometry

Window panes

Metropolis

Chromametric Analysis

XRF AnalysisArkeometri

Antik camlar

Metropolis kazısı camları

Kromametrik Analiz

XRF Analizi

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Ali Akın Akyol | Emine Akkuş Koçak

Publisher: Gaziantep University

Main Topics: Arkeoloji

Journal: Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.1-14

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 1/2024

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001310451

pISSN: 1303-0094

Issues

Authors:

Ali Akın Akyol | Emine Akkuş Koçak

Publisher:

Gaziantep University

Main Topics:

Arkeoloji

Journal:

Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 1, pp.1-14

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

1/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001310451

pISSN:

1303-0094