Religiosity, Dogmatism, Education and Covid-19 Awareness as Predictors of Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Quantitative Study on Turkish Muslims

Kenan Sevinç; Metin Çiftçi; Rananur Akyıldız; Esra Karaoğlan

Article Details

Religiosity, Dogmatism, Education and Covid-19 Awareness as Predictors of Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Quantitative Study on Turkish Muslims

Authors:

Kenan Sevinç | Metin Çiftçi | Rananur Akyıldız | Esra Karaoğlan

Publisher:

Hitit University

Main Topics:

Din Psikolojisi

Journal:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi , pp.1031-1046

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2023

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001308587

pISSN:

2757-6949

Keywords:

Abstract:

 The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019, affected social, economic and political structures all over the world and pushed states to take quick and dramatic measures. Vaccine development studies, which are seen as the most effective way of combating such pandemics, started rapidly and mass vaccinations were started in a short time. However, the opposition to vaccines, which has been going on since the first days of the use of vaccines in the world, has come to the fore again against COVID-19 vaccine programs. Anti-vaccine rhetoric has slowed the pace of the fight against the pandemic. Field studies have shown that more than 50 of people experience hesitations about vaccination. The World Health Organization defines vaccine refusal or vaccine hesitancy as a global threat. Identifying the reasons for vaccine hesitancy is very important in terms of maintaining general public health. For this reason, social scientists are working on the causes of vaccine hesitancy. In the literature, religiosity and low level of education are shown among the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. However, when studies are examined, there are clues that a certain type of religiosity rather than religiosity is related to anti-vaccination. The main problem of this research is whether religiosity and education level predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. In this study, the relationship between religiosity, dogmatic religiosity, education level, socio-economic level and COVID-19 awareness with vaccine hesitancy and their predictive levels are examined. The research is in correlational model and cross-sectional design. The relationship of five variables religiosity, dogmatic religiosity, education level, socio-economic level, COVID-19 awareness with vaccine hesitancy and their predictive levels were examined. The sample of the research consists of Muslim Turks over the age of 18. Participants were recruited using the convenience sampling method. The prepared online survey form was shared on social media platforms and the participants were reached. 322 Muslims between the ages of 18-70 mean 30, SD10.62 participated in the study. 65 of the participants are women and 55 are single. Ok Religious Attitude Scale, Dogmatic Religiosity Scale, Personal Information Form, COVID-19 Awareness Scale and Vaccine Hesitancy Scale were used as measures. Research findings showed that one-fifth of the participants did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine, half of them had 2 doses and the rest had different doses. Among the unvaccinated, the proportion of women and married people is higher. A negative correlation was found between age and vaccine hesitancy. While no relation could be found between education level and vaccination hesitancy, socio-economic level and vaccination hesitancy showed a negative correlation. When looking at other variables, it was found that there was no relationship between religiosity and vaccine hesitancy, but a negative relationship between COVID-19 awareness and vaccine hesitancy, and a positive relationship between religious dogmatism and vaccine hesitancy. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive levels. In the multiple regression analysis, dogmatic religiosity, COVID-19 awareness and socio-economic level were added as a predictor, and vaccine hesitancy as an output variable. In the first step, only religious dogmatism was included in the model as a predictor. In step 3, three predictors were entered simultaneously. The findings showed that dogmatic religiosity, socio-economic status, and awareness of COVID-19 were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy. In the first step, dogmatic religiosity alone accounts for about 3 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. In the second step, dogmatic religiosity and socio-economic status together accounted for about 5 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. And finally, in the third step, dogmatic religiosity, socio-economic level and awareness of COVID-19 together account for 7 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. Considering the beta coefficients, it was seen that there was a positive correlation between dogmatic religiosity and vaccine hesitancy, and a negative correlation was found between vaccine hesitancy and socio-economic level and COVID-19 awareness. Considering the standardized regression coefficients, it is seen that the most important variable predicting vaccine hesitancy is dogmatic religiosity.

 2019 yılında başlayan Covid-19 pandemisi, tüm dünyada sosyal, ekonomik ve politik yapıları etkilemiş ve devletleri hızlı ve dramatik tedbirler almaya itmiştir. Bu tür pandemilerin en etkili mücadele yolu olarak görülen aşı geliştirme çalışmalarına hızla başlanmış ve kısa sürede kitlesel aşılamalara geçilmiştir. Ancak dünyada aşıların kullanılmaya başlandığı ilk günlerden beri süregelen aşı karşıtlığı, Covid-19 aşı programlarına karşı tekrar gün yüzüne çıkmıştır. Aşı karşıtı söylemler pandemi ile mücadelenin hızını azaltmıştır. Saha araştırmaları insanların 50den fazlasının aşı tereddüdü yaşadığını göstermiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, aşı reddini veya aşı tereddüdünü küresel bir tehdit olarak tanımlamaktadır. Aşı tereddüdünün sebeplerini tespit etmek genel halk sağlığını muhafaza etmek açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu nedenle sosyal bilimciler aşı tereddüdünün nedenleri üzerine çalışmalar yapmaktadır. Literatürde aşı tereddüdünün nedenleri arasında dindarlık ve eğitim seviyesinin düşük olması gösterilmektedir. Ancak çalışmalar incelendiğinde dindarlıktan ziyade belli bir tip dindarlığın aşı karşıtlığıyla ilişkili olduğuna dair ipuçları mevcuttur. Bu araştırmanın temel problemi, dindarlığın ve eğitim düzeyinin Covid-19 aşı tereddüdünü yordayıp yordamadığıdır. Bu çalışmada dindarlık, dogmatik dindarlık, eğitim düzeyi, sosyo-ekonomik düzey ve Covid-19 farkındalığının, aşı tereddüdü ile ilişkisi ve onu yordama düzeyleri ele alınmıştır. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelinde ve kesitsel desenlidir. Beş değişkenin dindarlık, dogmatik dindarlık, eğitim düzeyi, sosyo-ekonomik düzey, Covid-19 farkındalığı aşı tereddüdüyle ilişkisi ve onu yordama düzeyleri ele incelenmiştir. Araştırma örneklemini 18 yaş üstü Müslüman Türkler oluşturmaktadır. Kolay örnekleme yöntemi ile katılımcılar temin edilmiştir. Hazırlanan çevrimiçi anket formu sosyal medya platformlarında paylaşılarak katılımcılara ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmaya, 18-70 yaş aralığında ort. 30, SD10,62 322 Müslüman katılmıştır. Katılımcıların 65i kadın ve 55i bekardır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Ok Dini Tutum Ölçeği, Dogmatik Dindarlık Ölçeği, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Covid-19 Farkındalık Ölçeği ve Aşı Tereddüdü Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, katılımcıların beşte birinin Covid-19 aşısı yaptırmadığını, yarısının ise 2 doz, kalanlarının ise farklı dozlarda aşı yaptırdığını göstermiştir. Aşı yaptırmayanlar arasında kadınların ve evlilerin oranı daha yüksektir. Yaş ile aşı tereddüdü arasında negatif bir korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Eğitim düzeyi ile aşı tereddüdü arasında bir ilişki tespit edilememişken, sosyo-ekonomik düzey ile aşı tereddüdü negatif korelasyon göstermiştir. Diğer değişkenlere bakıldığında, dindarlık ile aşı tereddüdü arasında bir ilişki olmadığı, ancak Covid-19 farkındalığı ile aşı tereddüdü arasında negatif r  -,147 p,05, dini dogmatizm ile aşı tereddüdü arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur r  ,160 p,05. Yordama düzeylerini tespit etmek üzere, çoklu regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizine yordayıcı olarak dogmatik dindarlık, Covid-19 farkındalığı ve sosyo-ekonomik düzey, çıktı değişken olarak da aşı tereddüdü katılmıştır. Birinci adımda yordayıcı olarak sadece dinsel dogmatizm modele girilmiştir. 3. adımda, üç yordayıcı aynı anda girilmiştir. Bulgular dogmatik dindarlığın, sosyo-ekonomik düzeyin ve Covid-19 farkındalığının aşı tereddüdünün anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğunu göstermiştir. Birinci adımda dogmatik dindarlık tek başına aşı tereddüdündeki varyansın yaklaşık 3ünü oluşturmaktadır. İkinci adımda, dogmatik dindarlık ve sosyo-ekonomik düzey birlikte aşı tereddüdündeki varyansın yaklaşık 5ini oluşturmaktadır. Ve son olarak, üçüncü adımda dogmatik dindarlık, sosyo-ekonomik düzey ve covid-19 farkındalığı birlikte aşı tereddüdündeki varyansın 7sini oluşturmaktadır. Beta katsayıları dikkate alındığında dogmatik dindarlık ile aşı tereddüdü arasında pozitif korelasyon olduğu görülmüş, aşı tereddüdü ile sosyo-ekonomik düzey ve Covid-19 farkındalığı arasında negatif korelasyon bulunmuştur. Standardize regresyon katsayılarına bakıldığında aşı tereddüdünü yordayan en önemli değişkenin dogmatik dindarlık olduğu görülmektedir.

 The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019, affected social, economic and political structures all over the world and pushed states to take quick and dramatic measures. Vaccine development studies, which are seen as the most effective way of combating such pandemics, started rapidly and mass vaccinations were started in a short time. However, the opposition to vaccines, which has been going on since the first days of the use of vaccines in the world, has come to the fore again against COVID-19 vaccine programs. Anti-vaccine rhetoric has slowed the pace of the fight against the pandemic. Field studies have shown that more than 50 of people experience hesitations about vaccination. The World Health Organization defines vaccine refusal or vaccine hesitancy as a global threat. Identifying the reasons for vaccine hesitancy is very important in terms of maintaining general public health. For this reason, social scientists are working on the causes of vaccine hesitancy. In the literature, religiosity and low level of education are shown among the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. However, when studies are examined, there are clues that a certain type of religiosity rather than religiosity is related to anti-vaccination. The main problem of this research is whether religiosity and education level predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. In this study, the relationship between religiosity, dogmatic religiosity, education level, socio-economic level and COVID-19 awareness with vaccine hesitancy and their predictive levels are examined. The research is in correlational model and cross-sectional design. The relationship of five variables religiosity, dogmatic religiosity, education level, socio-economic level, COVID-19 awareness with vaccine hesitancy and their predictive levels were examined. The sample of the research consists of Muslim Turks over the age of 18. Participants were recruited using the convenience sampling method. The prepared online survey form was shared on social media platforms and the participants were reached. 322 Muslims between the ages of 18-70 mean 30, SD10.62 participated in the study. 65 of the participants are women and 55 are single. Ok Religious Attitude Scale, Dogmatic Religiosity Scale, Personal Information Form, COVID-19 Awareness Scale and Vaccine Hesitancy Scale were used as measures. Research findings showed that one-fifth of the participants did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine, half of them had 2 doses and the rest had different doses. Among the unvaccinated, the proportion of women and married people is higher. A negative correlation was found between age and vaccine hesitancy. While no relation could be found between education level and vaccination hesitancy, socio-economic level and vaccination hesitancy showed a negative correlation. When looking at other variables, it was found that there was no relationship between religiosity and vaccine hesitancy, but a negative relationship between COVID-19 awareness and vaccine hesitancy, and a positive relationship between religious dogmatism and vaccine hesitancy. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive levels. In the multiple regression analysis, dogmatic religiosity, COVID-19 awareness and socio-economic level were added as a predictor, and vaccine hesitancy as an output variable. In the first step, only religious dogmatism was included in the model as a predictor. In step 3, three predictors were entered simultaneously. The findings showed that dogmatic religiosity, socio-economic status, and awareness of COVID-19 were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy. In the first step, dogmatic religiosity alone accounts for about 3 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. In the second step, dogmatic religiosity and socio-economic status together accounted for about 5 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. And finally, in the third step, dogmatic religiosity, socio-economic level and awareness of COVID-19 together account for 7 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. Considering the beta coefficients, it was seen that there was a positive correlation between dogmatic religiosity and vaccine hesitancy, and a negative correlation was found between vaccine hesitancy and socio-economic level and COVID-19 awareness. Considering the standardized regression coefficients, it is seen that the most important variable predicting vaccine hesitancy is dogmatic religiosity.

 The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019, affected social, economic and political structures all over the world and pushed states to take quick and dramatic measures. Vaccine development studies, which are seen as the most effective way of combating such pandemics, started rapidly and mass vaccinations were started in a short time. However, the opposition to vaccines, which has been going on since the first days of the use of vaccines in the world, has come to the fore again against COVID-19 vaccine programs. Anti-vaccine rhetoric has slowed the pace of the fight against the pandemic. Field studies have shown that more than 50 of people experience hesitations about vaccination. The World Health Organization defines vaccine refusal or vaccine hesitancy as a global threat. Identifying the reasons for vaccine hesitancy is very important in terms of maintaining general public health. For this reason, social scientists are working on the causes of vaccine hesitancy. In the literature, religiosity and low level of education are shown among the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. However, when studies are examined, there are clues that a certain type of religiosity rather than religiosity is related to anti-vaccination. The main problem of this research is whether religiosity and education level predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. In this study, the relationship between religiosity, dogmatic religiosity, education level, socio-economic level and COVID-19 awareness with vaccine hesitancy and their predictive levels are examined. The research is in correlational model and cross-sectional design. The relationship of five variables religiosity, dogmatic religiosity, education level, socio-economic level, COVID-19 awareness with vaccine hesitancy and their predictive levels were examined. The sample of the research consists of Muslim Turks over the age of 18. Participants were recruited using the convenience sampling method. The prepared online survey form was shared on social media platforms and the participants were reached. 322 Muslims between the ages of 18-70 mean 30, SD10.62 participated in the study. 65 of the participants are women and 55 are single. Ok Religious Attitude Scale, Dogmatic Religiosity Scale, Personal Information Form, COVID-19 Awareness Scale and Vaccine Hesitancy Scale were used as measures. Research findings showed that one-fifth of the participants did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine, half of them had 2 doses and the rest had different doses. Among the unvaccinated, the proportion of women and married people is higher. A negative correlation was found between age and vaccine hesitancy. While no relation could be found between education level and vaccination hesitancy, socio-economic level and vaccination hesitancy showed a negative correlation. When looking at other variables, it was found that there was no relationship between religiosity and vaccine hesitancy, but a negative relationship between COVID-19 awareness and vaccine hesitancy, and a positive relationship between religious dogmatism and vaccine hesitancy. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive levels. In the multiple regression analysis, dogmatic religiosity, COVID-19 awareness and socio-economic level were added as a predictor, and vaccine hesitancy as an output variable. In the first step, only religious dogmatism was included in the model as a predictor. In step 3, three predictors were entered simultaneously. The findings showed that dogmatic religiosity, socio-economic status, and awareness of COVID-19 were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy. In the first step, dogmatic religiosity alone accounts for about 3 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. In the second step, dogmatic religiosity and socio-economic status together accounted for about 5 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. And finally, in the third step, dogmatic religiosity, socio-economic level and awareness of COVID-19 together account for 7 of the variance in vaccine hesitancy. Considering the beta coefficients, it was seen that there was a positive correlation between dogmatic religiosity and vaccine hesitancy, and a negative correlation was found between vaccine hesitancy and socio-economic level and COVID-19 awareness. Considering the standardized regression coefficients, it is seen that the most important variable predicting vaccine hesitancy is dogmatic religiosity.

Article Details

Religiosity, Dogmatism, Education and Covid-19 Awareness as Predictors of Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Quantitative Study on Turkish Muslims

Authors:

Kenan Sevinç | Metin Çiftçi | Rananur Akyıldız | Esra Karaoğlan

Publisher:

Hitit University

Main Topics:

Din Psikolojisi

Journal:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi , pp.1031-1046

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2023

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001308587

pISSN:

2757-6949

Psychology of Religion

Turkish

Muslim

COVID-19

Vaccine

Religiosity

DogmatismDin Psikolojisi

Türk

Müslüman

COVID-19

Aşı

Dindarlık

Dogmatizm

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Kenan Sevinç | Metin Çiftçi | Rananur Akyıldız | Esra Karaoğlan

Publisher: Hitit University

Main Topics: Din Psikolojisi

Journal: Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi , pp.1031-1046

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 12/2023

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001308587

pISSN: 2757-6949

Issues

Authors:

Kenan Sevinç | Metin Çiftçi | Rananur Akyıldız | Esra Karaoğlan

Publisher:

Hitit University

Main Topics:

Din Psikolojisi

Journal:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi , pp.1031-1046

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

12/2023

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001308587

pISSN:

2757-6949