Invasion of Khwārazm by the Ghaznavids and the Fall of the Ma’mūnid State

Aykut Özbayraktar

Article Details

Invasion of Khwārazm by the Ghaznavids and the Fall of the Ma’mūnid State

Authors:

Aykut Özbayraktar

Publisher:

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Main Topics:

Ortaçağ Asya Tarihi | Türk İslam Devletleri Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Journal:

Külliye Issue TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN 100. YILI ÖZEL SAYISI, pp.296-314

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303311

pISSN:

2717-7351

Keywords:

Abstract:

 The aim of this research is to examine the occupation of the Khwārazm by the Ghaznavid army commanded by Mahmūd of Ghaznī in 4081017 and the collapse of the Mamūnid State in all possible details based on written sources and numismatic findings. The scope of the study is the issues and events such as the political status of the Mamūnid government, its attitude toward the rivalry between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids, its relations with the Qarakhanids and Mahmūd of Ghaznī, its policies and struggle against the political-military oppression of the Ghaznavids. In addition, subjects such as Sultan Mahmūds conquest of Khwārazm, his activities in the region, and the reflections of his victory on literature are also included in the study. Some of the conclusions reached in this research are as follows: The Mamūnid government ruled as an independent state between 389-408999-1017 in Khwārazm, Nasā, and Farāwa. The Mamūnids took care to establish good relations with Sultan Mahmūd in the condition of Qarakhanid-Ghaznavid rivalry. Benefiting from the delicate balances between the two great powers, the Mamūnid State was able to maintain its independence for a while. Although the Mamūnids planned to invade Khorasan with a common attack and repel the Ghaznavids, their offer was rejected by the Qarakhanids. At this point, Sultan Mahmūd turned to military action and captured Khwārazm, and put an end to the Mamūnid State.

 The aim of this research is to examine the occupation of the Khwārazm by the Ghaznavid army commanded by Mahmūd of Ghaznī in 4081017 and the collapse of the Mamūnid State in all possible details based on written sources and numismatic findings. The scope of the study is the issues and events such as the political status of the Mamūnid government, its attitude toward the rivalry between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids, its relations with the Qarakhanids and Mahmūd of Ghaznī, its policies and struggle against the political-military oppression of the Ghaznavids. In addition, subjects such as Sultan Mahmūds conquest of Khwārazm, his activities in the region, and the reflections of his victory on literature are also included in the study. Some of the conclusions reached in this research are as follows: The Mamūnid government ruled as an independent state between 389-408999-1017 in Khwārazm, Nasā, and Farāwa. The Mamūnids took care to establish good relations with Sultan Mahmūd in the condition of Qarakhanid-Ghaznavid rivalry. Benefiting from the delicate balances between the two great powers, the Mamūnid State was able to maintain its independence for a while. Although the Mamūnids planned to invade Khorasan with a common attack and repel the Ghaznavids, their offer was rejected by the Qarakhanids. At this point, Sultan Mahmūd turned to military action and captured Khwārazm, and put an end to the Mamūnid State.

 The aim of this research is to examine the occupation of the Khwārazm by the Ghaznavid army commanded by Mahmūd of Ghaznī in 4081017 and the collapse of the Mamūnid State in all possible details based on written sources and numismatic findings. The scope of the study is the issues and events such as the political status of the Mamūnid government, its attitude toward the rivalry between the Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids, its relations with the Qarakhanids and Mahmūd of Ghaznī, its policies and struggle against the political-military oppression of the Ghaznavids. In addition, subjects such as Sultan Mahmūds conquest of Khwārazm, his activities in the region, and the reflections of his victory on literature are also included in the study. Some of the conclusions reached in this research are as follows: The Mamūnid government ruled as an independent state between 389-408999-1017 in Khwārazm, Nasā, and Farāwa. The Mamūnids took care to establish good relations with Sultan Mahmūd in the condition of Qarakhanid-Ghaznavid rivalry. Benefiting from the delicate balances between the two great powers, the Mamūnid State was able to maintain its independence for a while. Although the Mamūnids planned to invade Khorasan with a common attack and repel the Ghaznavids, their offer was rejected by the Qarakhanids. At this point, Sultan Mahmūd turned to military action and captured Khwārazm, and put an end to the Mamūnid State.

 Bu araştırmada tarihi Hârezm bölgesinin 4081017 yılında Sultan Mahmûdun komuta ettiği Gazneli ordusu tarafından işgali ve Memûnîler Devletinin yıkılış sürecinin yazılı kaynaklara ve nümismatik bulgulara dayanılarak mümkün olan tüm detaylarıyla incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Memûnî iktidarının politik statüsü, Karahanlılar ve Gazneliler arasındaki güç rekabetinde takındığı tutum, Karahanlılar ve Sultan Mahmûd ile ilişkileri, Gaznelilerden gelen siyasi-askeri baskıları karşısında aldığı tedbirleri, mücadelesi gibi konular araştırmanın kapsamındadır. Buna ek olarak Gazneli Mahmûdun Hârezmi zaptı, bölgedeki faaliyetleri, zaferinin edebiyata yansımaları gibi konulara da çalışmada yer verilmektedir. Bu araştırmayla Memûnîler iktidarının 389-408999-1017 yılları arasında Hârezm ve Kuzey Horasandaki Nesâ-Ferâve havalisinde müstakil bir devlet olarak hükmettiği, Karahanlı-Gazneli rekabeti ortamında Sultan Mahmûd ile iyi ilişkiler kurmaya özen gösterdiği, iki büyük gücün arasındaki hassas dengelerden faydalanarak istiklalini bir müddet koruyabildiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Memûnîler her ne kadar ortak bir hücum ile Horasanı işgal edip Gaznelileri püskürtmeyi planlasalar da teklifleri Karahanlılar tarafından reddedilmiştir. Bu noktada cesaretlenen Sultan Mahmûd, askeri harekata yönelerek Hârezmi ele geçirmiştir ve Memûnîler Devletini yıkmıştır.

Article Details

Invasion of Khwārazm by the Ghaznavids and the Fall of the Ma’mūnid State

Authors:

Aykut Özbayraktar

Publisher:

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Main Topics:

Ortaçağ Asya Tarihi | Türk İslam Devletleri Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Journal:

Külliye Issue TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN 100. YILI ÖZEL SAYISI, pp.296-314

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303311

pISSN:

2717-7351

Khwārazm

Ma’mūnids

Ghaznavids

Khwārazmshāh Ma’mūn II

Mahmūd of GhaznīHârezm

Me’mûnîler

Gazneliler

Hârezmşâh II. Me’mûn

Gazneli Mahmûd

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Aykut Özbayraktar

Publisher: Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Main Topics: Ortaçağ Asya Tarihi | Türk İslam Devletleri Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Journal: Külliye Issue TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN 100. YILI ÖZEL SAYISI, pp.296-314

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2023

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001303311

pISSN: 2717-7351

Issues

Authors:

Aykut Özbayraktar

Publisher:

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Main Topics:

Ortaçağ Asya Tarihi | Türk İslam Devletleri Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Journal:

Külliye Issue TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ'NİN 100. YILI ÖZEL SAYISI, pp.296-314

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303311

pISSN:

2717-7351