Perception of Bolshevism and Its Influences in the Ottoman State

Yaşar Baytal

Article Details

Perception of Bolshevism and Its Influences in the Ottoman State

Authors:

Yaşar Baytal

Publisher:

Ankara University

Journal:

Atatürk Yolu Dergisi Issue 73, pp.67-84

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001301474

pISSN:

1303-5290

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Emerging as an internal issue in Russia, the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution deeply. affected many states over time. The Ottoman press, which covered information about the general situation in Russia from the beginning of the war, began to be more involved in the internal situation in Russia with the outbreak of the Revolution. However, the press gave more space to evaluations within the framework of peace and Ottoman-Russian relations rather than dealing with the events with a holistic approach, making it difficult to perceive the underlying ideology of the Revolution in Russia. With the intensification of the national resistance, Bolshevik interest in the Anatolia increased day by day. The aids provided by the Bolsheviks were critically important for Turkish Nationalists who resisted to the invaders. Therefore, they aimed to establish good relations with the Bolshevik government. In this process, left-leaning behaviors in Anatolia found the opportunity to spread under the influence of the Bolsheviks. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who found Bolshevik thought to be non-national, did not allow such behaviors to be embodied in Anatolia. Care was taken to conduct the relations with the Bolsheviks within the framework of the alliance of the two independent states. This study focuses on the effects the Bolshevik Revolution on the Ottoman State. The reflections of these influences in Istanbul and Anatolia during the occupation period are evaluated separately, with a special emphasis on the impact and scope of Bolshevik thought. The study also dwells on the causes of the Bolshevik involvement in the Anatolia with the onset of the Turkish national resistance to the invasion. Activities of the Bolsheviks in Anatolia as well as their effects are analyzed with emphasis on the general course of Turkish-Bolshevik relations until the Battle of Sakarya.

 Emerging as an internal issue in Russia, the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution deeply. affected many states over time. The Ottoman press, which covered information about the general situation in Russia from the beginning of the war, began to be more involved in the internal situation in Russia with the outbreak of the Revolution. However, the press gave more space to evaluations within the framework of peace and Ottoman-Russian relations rather than dealing with the events with a holistic approach, making it difficult to perceive the underlying ideology of the Revolution in Russia. With the intensification of the national resistance, Bolshevik interest in the Anatolia increased day by day. The aids provided by the Bolsheviks were critically important for Turkish Nationalists who resisted to the invaders. Therefore, they aimed to establish good relations with the Bolshevik government. In this process, left-leaning behaviors in Anatolia found the opportunity to spread under the influence of the Bolsheviks. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who found Bolshevik thought to be non-national, did not allow such behaviors to be embodied in Anatolia. Care was taken to conduct the relations with the Bolsheviks within the framework of the alliance of the two independent states. This study focuses on the effects the Bolshevik Revolution on the Ottoman State. The reflections of these influences in Istanbul and Anatolia during the occupation period are evaluated separately, with a special emphasis on the impact and scope of Bolshevik thought. The study also dwells on the causes of the Bolshevik involvement in the Anatolia with the onset of the Turkish national resistance to the invasion. Activities of the Bolsheviks in Anatolia as well as their effects are analyzed with emphasis on the general course of Turkish-Bolshevik relations until the Battle of Sakarya.

 Emerging as an internal issue in Russia, the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution deeply. affected many states over time. The Ottoman press, which covered information about the general situation in Russia from the beginning of the war, began to be more involved in the internal situation in Russia with the outbreak of the Revolution. However, the press gave more space to evaluations within the framework of peace and Ottoman-Russian relations rather than dealing with the events with a holistic approach, making it difficult to perceive the underlying ideology of the Revolution in Russia. With the intensification of the national resistance, Bolshevik interest in the Anatolia increased day by day. The aids provided by the Bolsheviks were critically important for Turkish Nationalists who resisted to the invaders. Therefore, they aimed to establish good relations with the Bolshevik government. In this process, left-leaning behaviors in Anatolia found the opportunity to spread under the influence of the Bolsheviks. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who found Bolshevik thought to be non-national, did not allow such behaviors to be embodied in Anatolia. Care was taken to conduct the relations with the Bolsheviks within the framework of the alliance of the two independent states. This study focuses on the effects the Bolshevik Revolution on the Ottoman State. The reflections of these influences in Istanbul and Anatolia during the occupation period are evaluated separately, with a special emphasis on the impact and scope of Bolshevik thought. The study also dwells on the causes of the Bolshevik involvement in the Anatolia with the onset of the Turkish national resistance to the invasion. Activities of the Bolsheviks in Anatolia as well as their effects are analyzed with emphasis on the general course of Turkish-Bolshevik relations until the Battle of Sakarya.

 1917 Bolşevik Devrimi, Rusyanın bir iç meselesi olarak doğmuş ve zamanla birçok devleti derinden etkilemiştir. Savaşın başından itibaren Rusyadaki genel durum hakkındaki bilgilere yer veren Osmanlı basını, Devrimin çıkışıyla birlikte Rusyadaki iç durumla daha yakından ilgilenmeye başlamıştır. Ancak basın, olayları bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almaktan ziyade sulh ve Osmanlı-Rus ilişkileri çerçevesindeki değerlendirmelere daha çok yer vermiştir. Bu durum, Rusyadaki Devrimin temel ideolojisinin anlaşılmasını güçleştirmiştir. İşgale karşı ulusal direnişin başlamasıyla birlikte Bolşeviklerin Anadoluya ilgisi giderek artmıştır. İşgalcilere karşı direnen Türk ulusalcıları için Bolşevik yardımlar, kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu yüzden Bolşevik yönetimle iyi ilişkiler kurulmak istenmiştir. Bu süreçte Anadoluda sola yatkın davranışlar, Bolşeviklerin de etkisiyle yayılma imkânı bulmuştur. Ancak Bolşevik düşünceyi gayrı milli bulan Mustafa Kemal Paşa, bu tür davranışların Anadoluda vücut bulmasına izin vermemiştir. Bolşeviklerle olan ilişkiler, iki müstakil devletin ittifak esasları çerçevesinde yürütülmesine özen gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Bolşevik Devrimin Osmanlı Devleti üzerinde bıraktığı tesirler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu tesirlerin, işgal dönemi İstanbul ve Anadoludaki yansımaları ayrı ayrı ele alınmış; Bolşevik düşüncesinin etkisi ve kapsamı değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İşgale karşısında Anadoluda ulusal direnişin başlamasıyla birlikte Bolşeviklerin Anadoluya yönelmesinin temel nedenleri yine bu çalışmada ele alınmıştır. Anadoludaki bağımsızlık mücadelesinin yankıları sürerken Bolşeviklerin Anadoludaki faaliyetleri ve sonuçları üzerinde durularak Sakarya Savaşına kadar Türk-Bolşevik ilişkilerinin genel seyri hakkında genel değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.

Article Details

Perception of Bolshevism and Its Influences in the Ottoman State

Authors:

Yaşar Baytal

Publisher:

Ankara University

Journal:

Atatürk Yolu Dergisi Issue 73, pp.67-84

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001301474

pISSN:

1303-5290

Anatolian Press

Bolshevik Revolution

Mustafa Kemal Pasha

Sakarya Battle

Ottoman Press.Anadolu Basını

Bolşevik Devrimi

Mustafa Kemal Paşa

Sakarya Savaşı

Osmanlı Basını.

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Yaşar Baytal

Publisher: Ankara University

Journal: Atatürk Yolu Dergisi Issue 73, pp.67-84

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2023

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001301474

pISSN: 1303-5290

Issues

Authors:

Yaşar Baytal

Publisher:

Ankara University

Journal:

Atatürk Yolu Dergisi Issue 73, pp.67-84

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2023

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001301474

pISSN:

1303-5290