Thermal Carbonization of Biomass Wood Dust and Algae Wastes via Microwave-Assisted H3PO4: Desirability Function and Statistical Optimization for Methylene Blue Dye Removal

Raja Razuan Raja Derisa; Hazierul F. Awang; Muhammad Hakim Azman; Intan Nur Hidayah Abdul Rashid; Ahmad Hapiz; Ruihong Wu; Abdallah Reghioua; Zaher Mundher Yaseen; Lee D. Wilson

Article Details

Thermal Carbonization of Biomass Wood Dust and Algae Wastes via Microwave-Assisted H3PO4: Desirability Function and Statistical Optimization for Methylene Blue Dye Removal

Authors:

Raja Razuan Raja Derisa | Hazierul F. Awang | Muhammad Hakim Azman | Intan Nur Hidayah Abdul Rashid | Ahmad Hapiz | Ruihong Wu | Abdallah Reghioua | Zaher Mundher Yaseen | Lee D. Wilson

Publisher:

Al-Ayen Iraqi University

Journal:

AUIQ Complementary Biological System Vol.2 Issue 1, pp.60-76

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001932503

pISSN:

3007-973X

Keywords:

Abstract:

 This research utilized a carbonization procedure via microwave irradiation assisted by H3PO4 to generate a cost-effective adsorbent (CWDAG) from wood dust (WD) and algal (AG) biomass. The resulting CWDAG adsorbent was characterized for its methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption properties. The activation process employs 800 W microwave radiation for 15 min under a nitrogen gas (99.99%) atmosphere. Multiple techniques were employed to study the physicochemical properties of CWDAG, such as FTIR, XRD, FSEM-EDX, pHpzc, and BET. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the three important parameters of adsorption, as follows: A: CWDAG dosage (0.02–0.12 g), B: pH (4–10), and C: contact time (30–420) min. BBD results show the highest removal of MB (98.6%) was met with a contact period of 225 min, a dosage of 0.12 g/100 mL of CWDAG at pH 10. Analysis of the kinetic profiles show that MB adsorption onto CWDAG occurred via a pseudo-second order (PSO) model. Adsorption isotherm analysis at equilibrium confirm that the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit the equilibrium data with similar goodness-of-fit results. Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of CWDAG for MB is 32.3 mg/g. The possible mechanism of MB adsorption on the CWDAG surface include several contributions such as π–π stacking, H-bonding electrostatic forces, and pore filling.

Article Details

Thermal Carbonization of Biomass Wood Dust and Algae Wastes <i>via</i> Microwave-Assisted H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>: Desirability Function and Statistical Optimization for Methylene Blue Dye Removal

Authors:

Raja Razuan Raja Derisa | Hazierul F. Awang | Muhammad Hakim Azman | Intan Nur Hidayah Abdul Rashid | Ahmad Hapiz | Ruihong Wu | Abdallah Reghioua | Zaher Mundher Yaseen | Lee D. Wilson

Publisher:

Al-Ayen Iraqi University

Journal:

AUIQ Complementary Biological System Vol.2 Issue 1, pp.60-76

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001932503

pISSN:

3007-973X

Wood dust

Algae

Microwave

Carbonization

Methylene blue

H3PO4

Issues

Article Details

Thermal Carbonization of Biomass Wood Dust and Algae Wastes <i>via</i> Microwave-Assisted H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>: Desirability Function and Statistical Optimization for Methylene Blue Dye Removal

Authors: Raja Razuan Raja Derisa | Hazierul F. Awang | Muhammad Hakim Azman | Intan Nur Hidayah Abdul Rashid | Ahmad Hapiz | Ruihong Wu | Abdallah Reghioua | Zaher Mundher Yaseen | Lee D. Wilson

Publisher: Al-Ayen Iraqi University

Journal: AUIQ Complementary Biological System Vol.2 Issue 1, pp.60-76

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 6/2025

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001932503

pISSN: 3007-973X

Wood dust

Algae

Microwave

Carbonization

Methylene blue

H3PO4

Issues

Authors:

Raja Razuan Raja Derisa | Hazierul F. Awang | Muhammad Hakim Azman | Intan Nur Hidayah Abdul Rashid | Ahmad Hapiz | Ruihong Wu | Abdallah Reghioua | Zaher Mundher Yaseen | Lee D. Wilson

Publisher:

Al-Ayen Iraqi University

Journal:

AUIQ Complementary Biological System Vol.2 Issue 1, pp.60-76

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001932503

pISSN:

3007-973X