Seed germination characteristics of Xanthium spinosum populations from different climatic regions of Türkiye: Implications for weed management

Shahid Farooq

Article Details

Seed germination characteristics of Xanthium spinosum populations from different climatic regions of Türkiye: Implications for weed management

Authors:

Shahid Farooq

Publisher:

Harran University

Main Topics:

Herboloji

Journal:

Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 2, pp.328-344

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350146

pISSN:

2587-1358

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Xanthium spinosum is a troublesome invasive weed widely distributed through many agroecological zones in Türkiye, adversely affecting crop production and local biodiversity. Understanding its seed germination biology is essential for formulating efficient, region-specific management measurements. This study assessed the influence of photoperiod, temperature, pH, salinity, osmotic potential, and seed burial depth on the germination characteristics of X. spinosum populations collected from four geographical regions Southeastern Anatolia, Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Central Anatolia in Türkiye. Peak germination was observed under a 12-hour lightdark photoperiod, with Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean populations exhibiting higher responsiveness to light. The highest germination occurred at 30 C for Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean populations, whereas Black Sea and Central Anatolia populations preferred relatively lower temperatures 2527 C for peak germination. Similarly, neutral pH 7.07.6 resulted in the highest germination of all populations, whereas Southeastern Anatolia had better pH tolerance. Salinity and osmotic stress tests revealed significant demographic differences, with the Southeastern Anatolia population exhibiting higher tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Seedling emergence peaked at lower burial depths 24 cm and had a sharp decline at increased depths. These results highlight significant population-specific adaptation patterns associated with local climatic and edaphic conditions. Deep tillage and management strategies based on environmental tolerance determined in the current study may restrict the further spread of X. spinosum.

 Xanthium spinosum is a troublesome invasive weed widely distributed through many agroecological zones in Türkiye, adversely affecting crop production and local biodiversity. Understanding its seed germination biology is essential for formulating efficient, region-specific management measurements. This study assessed the influence of photoperiod, temperature, pH, salinity, osmotic potential, and seed burial depth on the germination characteristics of X. spinosum populations collected from four geographical regions Southeastern Anatolia, Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Central Anatolia in Türkiye. Peak germination was observed under a 12-hour lightdark photoperiod, with Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean populations exhibiting higher responsiveness to light. The highest germination occurred at 30 C for Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean populations, whereas Black Sea and Central Anatolia populations preferred relatively lower temperatures 2527 C for peak germination. Similarly, neutral pH 7.07.6 resulted in the highest germination of all populations, whereas Southeastern Anatolia had better pH tolerance. Salinity and osmotic stress tests revealed significant demographic differences, with the Southeastern Anatolia population exhibiting higher tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Seedling emergence peaked at lower burial depths 24 cm and had a sharp decline at increased depths. These results highlight significant population-specific adaptation patterns associated with local climatic and edaphic conditions. Deep tillage and management strategies based on environmental tolerance determined in the current study may restrict the further spread of X. spinosum.

 Xanthium spinosum is a troublesome invasive weed widely distributed through many agroecological zones in Türkiye, adversely affecting crop production and local biodiversity. Understanding its seed germination biology is essential for formulating efficient, region-specific management measurements. This study assessed the influence of photoperiod, temperature, pH, salinity, osmotic potential, and seed burial depth on the germination characteristics of X. spinosum populations collected from four geographical regions Southeastern Anatolia, Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Central Anatolia in Türkiye. Peak germination was observed under a 12-hour lightdark photoperiod, with Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean populations exhibiting higher responsiveness to light. The highest germination occurred at 30 C for Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean populations, whereas Black Sea and Central Anatolia populations preferred relatively lower temperatures 2527 C for peak germination. Similarly, neutral pH 7.07.6 resulted in the highest germination of all populations, whereas Southeastern Anatolia had better pH tolerance. Salinity and osmotic stress tests revealed significant demographic differences, with the Southeastern Anatolia population exhibiting higher tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Seedling emergence peaked at lower burial depths 24 cm and had a sharp decline at increased depths. These results highlight significant population-specific adaptation patterns associated with local climatic and edaphic conditions. Deep tillage and management strategies based on environmental tolerance determined in the current study may restrict the further spread of X. spinosum.

 Xanthium spinosum, Türkiyenin birçok agroekolojik bölgesine yayılmış, tarımsal üretimi ve yerel biyoçeşitliliği olumsuz etkileyen sorunlu bir istilacı yabancı ottur. Bu türün tohum çimlenme biyolojisinin anlaşılması, etkili ve bölgeye özgü yönetim önlemlerinin oluşturulması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiyenin dört farklı coğrafik bölgesinden Güneydoğu Anadolu, Akdeniz, Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu toplanan X. spinosum popülasyonlarının çimlenme davranışı üzerinde fotoperiyot, sıcaklık, pH, tuzluluk, ozmotik potansiyel ve tohum gömülme derinliğinin etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. En yüksek çimlenme, 12 saat ışık12 saat karanlık fotoperiyotta gözlenmiş, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Akdeniz popülasyonları daha yüksek ışık duyarlılığı sergilemiştir. Sıcaklık açısından en yüksek çimlenmenin Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Akdeniz popülasyonlarında yaklaşık 30 Cde gözlemlenirken, Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu popülasyonlarında ise daha ılıman sıcaklıklarda 2527 C gerçekleştiği ortaya konulmuştur. Benzer şekilde, tüm popülasyonlarda nötr pH 7.07.6 koşullarında en yüksek çimlenme kaydedilmiş, Güneydoğu Anadolu popülasyonu daha geniş bir pH toleransı göstermiştir. Tuzluluk ve ozmotik stres testleri, Güneydoğu Anadolu popülasyonunun tuz ve kuraklık streslerine karşı daha yüksek tolerans sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Fide çıkışı, düşük gömülme derinliklerinde 24 cm zirveye ulaşmış, derinlik arttıkça keskin bir düşüş göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, yerel iklimsel ve edafik koşullarla ilişkili önemli popülasyon-özgü adaptasyon kalıplarını vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada belirlenen çevresel toleranslara dayalı derin sürüm teknikleri ve yönetim stratejileri, X. spinosumun gelişimini sınırlayabilir. Bu çalışmada ortaya konulan popülasyon düzeyindeki değişkenlik, bölgeye özgü etkili yabancı ot yönetim stratejileri için kritik öneme sahiptir.

Article Details

Seed germination characteristics of Xanthium spinosum populations from different climatic regions of Türkiye: Implications for weed management

Authors:

Shahid Farooq

Publisher:

Harran University

Main Topics:

Herboloji

Journal:

Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 2, pp.328-344

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350146

pISSN:

2587-1358

Invasive weed management

Photoperiod sensitivity

Population variability

Seed germinationİstilacı yabancı ot yönetimi

Fotoperiyot duyarlılığı

Popülasyon varyasyonu

Tohum çimlenmesi

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Shahid Farooq

Publisher: Harran University

Main Topics: Herboloji

Journal: Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 2, pp.328-344

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 6/2025

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001350146

pISSN: 2587-1358

Issues

Authors:

Shahid Farooq

Publisher:

Harran University

Main Topics:

Herboloji

Journal:

Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 2, pp.328-344

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350146

pISSN:

2587-1358