Serological Biomarkers in Forensic Science: A Review

Dunya Abdullah Mohammed; Omar A.  Mahmoud; Sahar M. Ibrahim; Farah Badri Abed; Muhammed A.  Hameed; Shahrazad H.  Muhi

doi:10.47419/bjbabs.v7i2.449

Article Details

Serological Biomarkers in Forensic Science: A Review

Authors:

Dunya Abdullah Mohammed | Omar A. Mahmoud | Sahar M. Ibrahim | Farah Badri Abed | Muhammed A. Hameed | Shahrazad H. Muhi

Publisher:

College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University

Main Topics:

Forensic science | Serological Biomarkers | Biological Evidence | Body Fluid

Journal:

Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.110-124

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2026

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001363983

pISSN:

2706-9915

DOI:

10.47419/bjbabs.v7i2.449

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Background: Biological evidences, e.g. blood, semen, vaginal secretion, saliva, urine, and sweat encountered at the crime scene, are the most pervasive in surroundings. Their existence helps in associating the assassin with the victim as well as with the crime scene. Our motivation for writing this review was the lack of a recent, thorough review on the subject appropriate for the use of all scientists involved with serological research in forensic science.Objective: This comprehensive review aims to discuss the value of serological biomarkers for a wide variety of forensic applications.Methods: This review summarizes a comprehensive body of work on serological biomarkers, with the inclusion of all types of markers and advanced methodologies available. It discusses a plethora of methodologies used to differentiate between body fluids, with a deeper look at emerging, high-throughput techniques.Results: The review provides a detailed discussion on both established body fluids and novel serological markers. It acknowledges the difficulties involved in selecting a body fluid differentiation methodology for forensic contexts. A key trend noted is the use of an interdisciplinary approach in the most recent publications.Conclusion: The interdisciplinary approach is essential for the future of forensic work and is necessary for success in protein and body fluid research. This review serves as a thorough summary of serological biomarkers and their applications, capturing the overall trends in the field.

Article Details

Serological Biomarkers in Forensic Science: A Review

Authors: Dunya Abdullah Mohammed | Omar A. Mahmoud | Sahar M. Ibrahim | Farah Badri Abed | Muhammed A. Hameed | Shahrazad H. Muhi

Publisher: College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University

Main Topics: Forensic science | Serological Biomarkers | Biological Evidence | Body Fluid

Journal: Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.110-124

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2026

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001363983

pISSN: 2706-9915

DOI: 10.47419/bjbabs.v7i2.449

Forensic science

Serological Biomarkers

Biological Evidence

Body Fluid

Issues

Authors:

Dunya Abdullah Mohammed | Omar A. Mahmoud | Sahar M. Ibrahim | Farah Badri Abed | Muhammed A. Hameed | Shahrazad H. Muhi

Publisher:

College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University

Main Topics:

Forensic science | Serological Biomarkers | Biological Evidence | Body Fluid

Journal:

Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.110-124

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2026

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001363983

pISSN:

2706-9915

DOI:

10.47419/bjbabs.v7i2.449