ALLIANCE AND ALLEGIANCE: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE ARDALAN PRINCIPALITY IN THE 16TH-18TH CENTURIES

İbrahim Özcoşar; Cafer Açar

Article Details

ALLIANCE AND ALLEGIANCE: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE ARDALAN PRINCIPALITY IN THE 16TH-18TH CENTURIES

Authors:

İbrahim Özcoşar | Cafer Açar

Publisher:

Bingol University

Main Topics:

Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Journal:

Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Issue 28, pp.214-225

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001330556

pISSN:

1309-6672

Keywords:

Abstract:

 In this study, the relations of the Ottoman Empire with the Ardalan Principality are analyzed based on Ottoman, Iranian and Ardalan period sources, archival documents and research works. The Ardalan Principality, which was established in Shahrzor, had a great influence on the balance of power in the region during the periods when the Ottomans and the Safavids were struggling for dominance in Shahrzor. The emergence of the Safavids as a central power in Iran in the early 16th century and their adoption of Shiism as the official sect made the Ardalan Principality even more important for the Sunni Ottomans. The first relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Ardalan mirs began during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent and continued for a long time on the level of alliance-allegiance. However, after the Treaty of Kasr-ı Shirin, the Ottomans lost their influence over Ardalan. When the Safavid State was destroyed by Afghan attacks beginning in the 1720s, the Ottoman Empire entered western Iran and conquered territories including Ardalan. The Ottoman Empire ruled Ardalan for nearly a decade, conducting surveys in Ardalan, working for the reconstruction and reconstruction of the region, building mosques and caravanserais, and making public investments. Having lost its direct control over Ardalan during the Afshar, Zend and Qajar reigns, the Ottoman Empire continued its relations with the emirate indirectly until 1867 when the emirate was abolished. The main finding of this study is that the Ottoman Empire was always a safe harbor and a strong patron for the Ardalan mirs. Likewise, the Ottoman Empire was the first place where the mirs and residents of Ardalan sought refuge against the Shiiteization policies of the Iranian central states. Moreover, one of the most important reasons for the long political existence of the Ardalan Principality was that it had an alternative like the Ottoman Empire to take refuge in case of need against the Iranian empires.

 In this study, the relations of the Ottoman Empire with the Ardalan Principality are analyzed based on Ottoman, Iranian and Ardalan period sources, archival documents and research works. The Ardalan Principality, which was established in Shahrzor, had a great influence on the balance of power in the region during the periods when the Ottomans and the Safavids were struggling for dominance in Shahrzor. The emergence of the Safavids as a central power in Iran in the early 16th century and their adoption of Shiism as the official sect made the Ardalan Principality even more important for the Sunni Ottomans. The first relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Ardalan mirs began during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent and continued for a long time on the level of alliance-allegiance. However, after the Treaty of Kasr-ı Shirin, the Ottomans lost their influence over Ardalan. When the Safavid State was destroyed by Afghan attacks beginning in the 1720s, the Ottoman Empire entered western Iran and conquered territories including Ardalan. The Ottoman Empire ruled Ardalan for nearly a decade, conducting surveys in Ardalan, working for the reconstruction and reconstruction of the region, building mosques and caravanserais, and making public investments. Having lost its direct control over Ardalan during the Afshar, Zend and Qajar reigns, the Ottoman Empire continued its relations with the emirate indirectly until 1867 when the emirate was abolished. The main finding of this study is that the Ottoman Empire was always a safe harbor and a strong patron for the Ardalan mirs. Likewise, the Ottoman Empire was the first place where the mirs and residents of Ardalan sought refuge against the Shiiteization policies of the Iranian central states. Moreover, one of the most important reasons for the long political existence of the Ardalan Principality was that it had an alternative like the Ottoman Empire to take refuge in case of need against the Iranian empires.

 In this study, the relations of the Ottoman Empire with the Ardalan Principality are analyzed based on Ottoman, Iranian and Ardalan period sources, archival documents and research works. The Ardalan Principality, which was established in Shahrzor, had a great influence on the balance of power in the region during the periods when the Ottomans and the Safavids were struggling for dominance in Shahrzor. The emergence of the Safavids as a central power in Iran in the early 16th century and their adoption of Shiism as the official sect made the Ardalan Principality even more important for the Sunni Ottomans. The first relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Ardalan mirs began during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent and continued for a long time on the level of alliance-allegiance. However, after the Treaty of Kasr-ı Shirin, the Ottomans lost their influence over Ardalan. When the Safavid State was destroyed by Afghan attacks beginning in the 1720s, the Ottoman Empire entered western Iran and conquered territories including Ardalan. The Ottoman Empire ruled Ardalan for nearly a decade, conducting surveys in Ardalan, working for the reconstruction and reconstruction of the region, building mosques and caravanserais, and making public investments. Having lost its direct control over Ardalan during the Afshar, Zend and Qajar reigns, the Ottoman Empire continued its relations with the emirate indirectly until 1867 when the emirate was abolished. The main finding of this study is that the Ottoman Empire was always a safe harbor and a strong patron for the Ardalan mirs. Likewise, the Ottoman Empire was the first place where the mirs and residents of Ardalan sought refuge against the Shiiteization policies of the Iranian central states. Moreover, one of the most important reasons for the long political existence of the Ardalan Principality was that it had an alternative like the Ottoman Empire to take refuge in case of need against the Iranian empires.

 Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Devletinin Erdelan Emirliği ile olan münasebetleri, Osmanlı, İran ve Erdelan dönem kaynaklarına, arşiv belgelerine ve araştırma eserlerine bağlı olarak incelenmiştir. Şehrezorda kurulan Erdelan Emirliği Osmanlı ve Safevilerin Şehrezorda hakimiyet kurmak için mücadele ettikleri dönemlerde bölgedeki dengelerin oluşmasında büyük bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Safevilerin 16. yüzyılın başlarında İranda merkezi bir güç olarak ortaya çıkmaları ve Şiiliği resmi mezhep olarak benimsemeleri Sünni Osmanlılar açısından Erdelan Emirliğini daha da önemli kılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti ile Erdelan mirleri arasındaki ilk münasebet, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman döneminde başlamış ve ittifak-tâbiiyet düzleminde uzun bir süre devam etmiştir. Ancak Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşmasından sonra Osmanlılar, Erdelan üzerindeki nüfuzlarını kaybettiler. Safevi Devleti, 1720li yıllarda başlayan Afgan saldırıları sonunda ortadan kalkınca Osmanlı Devleti, Batı İrana girdi ve Erdelanın da içinde bulunduğu bölgeleri ele geçirdi. Osmanlı Devleti yaklaşık on yıl boyunca Erdelan topraklarını hakimiyeti altında bulundurdu, Erdelanda tahrir yaptırdı, bölgenin imar ve inşası için gayret gösterdi, camiler ve kervansaraylar inşa ettirdi ve kamu yatırımları yaptı. Afşar, Zend ve Kaçar saltanatları boyunca Erdelan üzerindeki doğrudan hakimiyetini kaybeden Osmanlı Devleti, emirlikle olan münasebetlerini emirliğin ortadan kaldırıldığı 1867 yılına kadar dolaylı olarak devam ettirdi. Bu çalışma kapsamında ulaşılan temel bulgu Osmanlı Devletinin Erdelan mirleri için her zaman güvenli bir liman ve güçlü bir hâmi olduğudur. Keza, İran merkezi devletlerinin Şiileştirme politikalarına karşı Erdelan mirlerinin ve sakinlerinin sığındıkları ilk yer Osmanlı Devleti olmuştur. Ayrıca Erdelan Emirliğinin uzun süre siyasi varlık gösterebilmesinin en önemli sebeplerinden biri, İrana karşı ihtiyaç duyduğunda Osmanlı Devleti gibi sığınılacak bir alternatife sahip olmasıydı.

Article Details

ALLIANCE AND ALLEGIANCE: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE ARDALAN PRINCIPALITY IN THE 16TH-18TH CENTURIES

Authors:

İbrahim Özcoşar | Cafer Açar

Publisher:

Bingol University

Main Topics:

Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Journal:

Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Issue 28, pp.214-225

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001330556

pISSN:

1309-6672

Ottoman Empire

Principalty

Principalty of Ardalan

Alliance

AllegianceOsmanlı İmparatorluğu

Emirlik

Erdelan Emirliği

İttifak

Tabiiyet

Issues

Article Details

Authors: İbrahim Özcoşar | Cafer Açar

Publisher: Bingol University

Main Topics: Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Journal: Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Issue 28, pp.214-225

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 10/2024

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001330556

pISSN: 1309-6672

Issues

Authors:

İbrahim Özcoşar | Cafer Açar

Publisher:

Bingol University

Main Topics:

Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Journal:

Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Issue 28, pp.214-225

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

10/2024

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001330556

pISSN:

1309-6672