Identification of the Most Common Disease Agents in Commercial Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Production Areas in Korkuteli District, Antalya Province, and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Various Essential Oil Treatments Against These Pathogens

Esin Basım; Hüseyin Basım

Article Details

Identification of the Most Common Disease Agents in Commercial Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Production Areas in Korkuteli District, Antalya Province, and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Various Essential Oil Treatments Against These Pathogens

Authors:

Esin Basım | Hüseyin Basım

Publisher:

Bingol University

Main Topics:

Fitopatoloji

Journal:

Uluslararası Gıda Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.5 Issue 2, pp.50-64

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

9/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001359196

pISSN:

2791-8807

Keywords:

Abstract:

 In this study, surveys were conducted between 2023 and 2025 in cultivated mushroom production areas in the Korkuteli district of Antalya province, and disease agents were isolated from these areas. The prevalence rates of these agents were determined. Among the isolated disease agents, the most common were Mycogene perniciosa, the agent of wet bubble disease; Verticillium fungicola, the agent of dry bubble disease; Trichoderma spp., the agent of green mold; and Pseudomonas tolaasii, the agent of bacterial brown blotch disease. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of different doses of essential oils from rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis, cumin Cuminum cyminum L., basil Ocimum basilicum, fennel Foeniculum vulgare, and black thyme Thymbra spicata L., which are used as spices to control the isolated disease agents, were tested in vitro on PDA Potato Dextrose Agar and NA Nutrient Agar. Doses of 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of these essential oils were tested against the pathogens. Sterile deionized water served as a control. The lowest doses of thyme oil 50 ppm were found to cause wet bubble disease, while 100 ppm thyme oil was associated with dry bubble and green mold pathogens. Additionally, 1000 ppm thyme oil exhibited antibacterial activity against P. tolaasii. Cumin, basil, and rosemary essential oils showed different effects against various pathogens. Fennel oil, on the other hand, was effective at 500 ppm against Trichoderma spp., M. perniciosa, and P. tolaasii, while at 1000 ppm it was effective against V. fungicola. The antifungal and antibacterial effects of rosemary, basil, cumin, thyme, and fennel oils are believed to stem from their distinct active ingredients. A detailed study of these active compounds could lead to promising results for pathogen control. In practice, minimizing pesticide use and employing low doses of these essential oils which are safe for human health will play a crucial role in reducing pesticide residues on edible cultivated mushrooms, especially those consumed raw.

 In this study, surveys were conducted between 2023 and 2025 in cultivated mushroom production areas in the Korkuteli district of Antalya province, and disease agents were isolated from these areas. The prevalence rates of these agents were determined. Among the isolated disease agents, the most common were Mycogene perniciosa, the agent of wet bubble disease; Verticillium fungicola, the agent of dry bubble disease; Trichoderma spp., the agent of green mold; and Pseudomonas tolaasii, the agent of bacterial brown blotch disease. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of different doses of essential oils from rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis, cumin Cuminum cyminum L., basil Ocimum basilicum, fennel Foeniculum vulgare, and black thyme Thymbra spicata L., which are used as spices to control the isolated disease agents, were tested in vitro on PDA Potato Dextrose Agar and NA Nutrient Agar. Doses of 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of these essential oils were tested against the pathogens. Sterile deionized water served as a control. The lowest doses of thyme oil 50 ppm were found to cause wet bubble disease, while 100 ppm thyme oil was associated with dry bubble and green mold pathogens. Additionally, 1000 ppm thyme oil exhibited antibacterial activity against P. tolaasii. Cumin, basil, and rosemary essential oils showed different effects against various pathogens. Fennel oil, on the other hand, was effective at 500 ppm against Trichoderma spp., M. perniciosa, and P. tolaasii, while at 1000 ppm it was effective against V. fungicola. The antifungal and antibacterial effects of rosemary, basil, cumin, thyme, and fennel oils are believed to stem from their distinct active ingredients. A detailed study of these active compounds could lead to promising results for pathogen control. In practice, minimizing pesticide use and employing low doses of these essential oils which are safe for human health will play a crucial role in reducing pesticide residues on edible cultivated mushrooms, especially those consumed raw.

 In this study, surveys were conducted between 2023 and 2025 in cultivated mushroom production areas in the Korkuteli district of Antalya province, and disease agents were isolated from these areas. The prevalence rates of these agents were determined. Among the isolated disease agents, the most common were Mycogene perniciosa, the agent of wet bubble disease; Verticillium fungicola, the agent of dry bubble disease; Trichoderma spp., the agent of green mold; and Pseudomonas tolaasii, the agent of bacterial brown blotch disease. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of different doses of essential oils from rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis, cumin Cuminum cyminum L., basil Ocimum basilicum, fennel Foeniculum vulgare, and black thyme Thymbra spicata L., which are used as spices to control the isolated disease agents, were tested in vitro on PDA Potato Dextrose Agar and NA Nutrient Agar. Doses of 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of these essential oils were tested against the pathogens. Sterile deionized water served as a control. The lowest doses of thyme oil 50 ppm were found to cause wet bubble disease, while 100 ppm thyme oil was associated with dry bubble and green mold pathogens. Additionally, 1000 ppm thyme oil exhibited antibacterial activity against P. tolaasii. Cumin, basil, and rosemary essential oils showed different effects against various pathogens. Fennel oil, on the other hand, was effective at 500 ppm against Trichoderma spp., M. perniciosa, and P. tolaasii, while at 1000 ppm it was effective against V. fungicola. The antifungal and antibacterial effects of rosemary, basil, cumin, thyme, and fennel oils are believed to stem from their distinct active ingredients. A detailed study of these active compounds could lead to promising results for pathogen control. In practice, minimizing pesticide use and employing low doses of these essential oils which are safe for human health will play a crucial role in reducing pesticide residues on edible cultivated mushrooms, especially those consumed raw.

 Bu çalışmada, Antalya ili Korkuteli ilçesi yemeklik kültür mantarı üretim alanlarında 2023 ile 2025 yılları arasında sörveyler yapılmış ve bu üretim alanlarından hastalık etmenleri izole edilmiştir. Hastalık etmenlerinin yaygınlık oranları belirlenmiştir. Bu izole edilen hastalık etmenleri arasında en yaygın olanlarının ıslak kabarcık hastalığı etmeni Mycogene perniciosa, kuru kabarcık hastalığı etmeni Verticillium fungicola, yeşil küf etmeni Trichoderma spp. ve bakteriyel kahverengi leke hastalığı etmeni Pseudomonas tolaasii olduğu belirlenmiştir. İzole edilen hastalık etmenlerinin mücadelesi için farklı baharat olarak tüketilen biberiye Rosmarinus officinalis, kimyon Cuminum cyminum L, fesleğen Ocimum basilicum, rezene Foeniculum vulgare ile karabaş kekiği Thymbra spicata L. uçucu yağlarının farklı dozlarının antifungal ve antibakteriyel etkileri PDA Patates Dekstrose Agar ve NA Nutrient Agar ortamlarında in vitro olarak test edilmiştir. Biberiye, kimyon, fesleğen, rezene ve karabaş kekiği uçucu yağlarının 1,10, 50, 100, 250, 500,1000 ppm dozları patojenlere karşı test edilmiştir. Kontrol olarak steril deiyonize su kullanılmıştır. Kekik yağının en düşük dozlarının 50 ppm ıslak kabarcık hastalığına, 100 ppm kekik yağının ise kuru kabarcık ve yeşil küf patojenlerine karlşı antifungal etki gösterdiği, 1000 ppm kekik yağı dozunun ise P. tolaasii üzerinde antibakteriyel etkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan rezene yağının, Trichoderma spp., M. pernicosa ve P. tolaasii üzerinde 500 ppm dozunda, V. fungicolaya ise 1000 ppm dozunda etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Biberiye, fesleğen, kimyon, kekik ve rezene yağlarının hem antifungal hem de antibakteriyel etkilerinin her bir yağın içeriğinde bulunan farklı aktif bileşenlerden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bu etken maddelerin patojenler üzerine olan etkilerinin detaylı olarak çalışılması, patojenlere karşı mücadelede ümit verici sonuçların elde edilmesine ve pratikte pestisit kullanımının en aza indirilmesi ve insan sağlığına hiçbir zararlı etkisi olmayan bu uçucu yağların düşük dozlarda kullanılması, gelecekte özellikle çiğ olarak tüketimi de olan yemeklik kültür mantarı üzerinde olabilecek pestisit kalıntılarının azaltılmasında önemli rol oynayacaktır.

Article Details

Identification of the Most Common Disease Agents in Commercial Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Production Areas in Korkuteli District, Antalya Province, and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Various Essential Oil Treatments Against These Pathogens

Authors:

Esin Basım | Hüseyin Basım

Publisher:

Bingol University

Main Topics:

Fitopatoloji

Journal:

Uluslararası Gıda Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.5 Issue 2, pp.50-64

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

9/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001359196

pISSN:

2791-8807

Agaricus bisporus

Brown Blotch

Dry Bubble

Essential Oils

Green Mold and Wet Bubble

Issues

Article Details

Identification of the Most Common Disease Agents in Commercial Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Production Areas in Korkuteli District, Antalya Province, and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Various Essential Oil Treatments Against These Pathogens

Authors: Esin Basım | Hüseyin Basım

Publisher: Bingol University

Main Topics: Fitopatoloji

Journal: Uluslararası Gıda Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.5 Issue 2, pp.50-64

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 9/2025

Document Language: English

Document ID (Org No.): 2001359196

pISSN: 2791-8807

Agaricus bisporus

Brown Blotch

Dry Bubble

Essential Oils

Green Mold and Wet Bubble

Issues

Authors:

Esin Basım | Hüseyin Basım

Publisher:

Bingol University

Main Topics:

Fitopatoloji

Journal:

Uluslararası Gıda Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.5 Issue 2, pp.50-64

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

9/2025

Document Language:

English

Document ID (Org No.):

2001359196

pISSN:

2791-8807