Determinants of Charitable Behaviours in Cross-Country Comparisons

Ayşenur Şakalak; Savaş Çevik

Article Details

Determinants of Charitable Behaviours in Cross-Country Comparisons

Authors:

Ayşenur Şakalak | Savaş Çevik

Publisher:

Kastamonu University

Main Topics:

Davranışsal İktisat

Journal:

Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 1, pp.172-193

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353805

pISSN:

2147-6012

Keywords:

Abstract:

 Although charitable is a universal form of behaviour seen in all societies, it varies from country to country. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of corporate giving, volunteering, and informal giving, which are among the types of charitable behaviours at the country level. For this purpose, a panel data analysis using the Driscoll-Kraay estimator was applied for 134 countries for the period 2009-2021. Empirical results show that social capital has a positive effect on institutional giving, volunteering, and informal giving, ethnic complexity has a positive effect on institutional giving and volunteering, the urban population has a positive effect on volunteering and informal giving, whereas the urban population has a negative effect on institutional giving. Based on the results, while there is evidence that insufficient public expenditure has an exclusion effect on volunteering and an attraction effect on informal donations, it is found that the governance variable causes an exclusion effect on both dependent variables. In addition, beyond the general results in the literature, the income variable has a significant and positive effect only on institutional donations, the age variable has a significant and negative effect only on volunteering, and the education variable is not significant in all three dependent variables, which differentiates this study from other studies. Thus, this study is expected to make significant contributions to the existing literature by identifying the determinants of donation score differences between countries making recommendations to policymakers and authorities.

 Although charitable is a universal form of behaviour seen in all societies, it varies from country to country. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of corporate giving, volunteering, and informal giving, which are among the types of charitable behaviours at the country level. For this purpose, a panel data analysis using the Driscoll-Kraay estimator was applied for 134 countries for the period 2009-2021. Empirical results show that social capital has a positive effect on institutional giving, volunteering, and informal giving, ethnic complexity has a positive effect on institutional giving and volunteering, the urban population has a positive effect on volunteering and informal giving, whereas the urban population has a negative effect on institutional giving. Based on the results, while there is evidence that insufficient public expenditure has an exclusion effect on volunteering and an attraction effect on informal donations, it is found that the governance variable causes an exclusion effect on both dependent variables. In addition, beyond the general results in the literature, the income variable has a significant and positive effect only on institutional donations, the age variable has a significant and negative effect only on volunteering, and the education variable is not significant in all three dependent variables, which differentiates this study from other studies. Thus, this study is expected to make significant contributions to the existing literature by identifying the determinants of donation score differences between countries making recommendations to policymakers and authorities.

 Although charitable is a universal form of behaviour seen in all societies, it varies from country to country. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of corporate giving, volunteering, and informal giving, which are among the types of charitable behaviours at the country level. For this purpose, a panel data analysis using the Driscoll-Kraay estimator was applied for 134 countries for the period 2009-2021. Empirical results show that social capital has a positive effect on institutional giving, volunteering, and informal giving, ethnic complexity has a positive effect on institutional giving and volunteering, the urban population has a positive effect on volunteering and informal giving, whereas the urban population has a negative effect on institutional giving. Based on the results, while there is evidence that insufficient public expenditure has an exclusion effect on volunteering and an attraction effect on informal donations, it is found that the governance variable causes an exclusion effect on both dependent variables. In addition, beyond the general results in the literature, the income variable has a significant and positive effect only on institutional donations, the age variable has a significant and negative effect only on volunteering, and the education variable is not significant in all three dependent variables, which differentiates this study from other studies. Thus, this study is expected to make significant contributions to the existing literature by identifying the determinants of donation score differences between countries making recommendations to policymakers and authorities.

 Hayırseverlik tüm toplumlarda görülen evrensel bir davranış biçimi olmakla beraber ülkeden ülkeye farklılık arz etmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın temel amacı ülkeler düzeyinde hayırsever davranışlar arasında yer alan kurumsal bağış, gönüllülük ve informel bağış türlerinin belirleyicilerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 2009-2021 dönemi için 134 ülke kapsamında Driscoll-Kraay tahmincisinin kullanıldığı panel veri analizi uygulanmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlar sosyal sermaye değişkeninin kurumsal bağış, gönüllülük ve informel bağışlarda, etnik karmaşa değişkeninin kurumsal bağış ve gönüllülükte; kentsel nüfusun ise gönüllülük ve informel bağışlar da pozitif etkiye sahip olduklarını ancak kentsel nüfusun kurumsal bağışlarda negatif bir etki meydana getirdiğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlardan hareketle kamu harcama yetersizliğinin gönüllülük üzerinde dışlama, informel bağışlarda çekme etkisi oluşturduğuna dair kanıtlara ulaşılmışken yönetişim değişkenin her iki bağımlı değişken üzerinde de dışlama etkisine neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca literatürdeki genel sonuçların ötesinde gelir değişkeninin sadece kurumsal bağışlarda anlamlı ve pozitif etkisi, yaş değişkenin yalnızca gönüllülükte anlamlı ve negatif etkisi, eğitim değişkeninin ise üç bağımlı değişkende de anlamlı olmaması çalışmanın diğer çalışmalardan farklılaşmasına neden olmuştur. Böylece bu çalışmanın ülkeler arasındaki bağış skoru farklılıklarının belirleyicilerini tespit ederek, politika yapıcıları ile yetkililere önerilerde bulunarak mevcut literatüre önemli katkılar sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Article Details

Determinants of Charitable Behaviours in Cross-Country Comparisons

Authors:

Ayşenur Şakalak | Savaş Çevik

Publisher:

Kastamonu University

Main Topics:

Davranışsal İktisat

Journal:

Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 1, pp.172-193

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353805

pISSN:

2147-6012

Charitable,

Volunteering,

Donation,

Crowding-out Effect,

Crowding-in Effecet,Hayırseverlik,

Gönüllülük,

Bağış,

Dışlama Etkisi,

Çekme Etkisi,

Issues

Article Details

Authors: Ayşenur Şakalak | Savaş Çevik

Publisher: Kastamonu University

Main Topics: Davranışsal İktisat

Journal: Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 1, pp.172-193

Document Type: Article

Publication Date: 6/2025

Document Language: Turkish

Document ID (Org No.): 2001353805

pISSN: 2147-6012

Issues

Authors:

Ayşenur Şakalak | Savaş Çevik

Publisher:

Kastamonu University

Main Topics:

Davranışsal İktisat

Journal:

Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 1, pp.172-193

Document Type:

Article

Publication Date:

6/2025

Document Language:

Turkish

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353805

pISSN:

2147-6012